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The Mistakes of the Brilliant General, Napoleon Bonaparte...

The assumption held by many that Napoleon Bonaparte was a brilliant general and an exceptional leader is debatable when the Frenchman’s many mistakes are revealed. Bonaparte was born to a wealthy family with previous political connections (Wilde 1). He entered a military academy at only nine years old and entered the French Army Artillery Regiment seven years later (Wilde 1). As Bonaparte moved up in the military ranks, he made himself known with his political opinions and his successful leadership of the revolutionaries’ armed forces (Wilde 1). As he became more famous, Bonaparte threw open the gates to his path to power. Thus began the era of Napoleon, a time of absolute power, vast reform, and relentless military invasions led by a†¦show more content†¦His plan backfired, and the French were pinned down in Egypt by the powerful British admiral Horiato Nelson, which led to Napoleon crawling back to France licking his wounds (McDougal, 584). Due to the p ublic’s ignorance towards this defeat, Napoleon’s public image vastly improved, and his gain in power started to lead to totalitarianism. When the Directory began to lose political popularity with the common folk, Napoleon led an overthrow of the government (McDougal, 584). The aftermath of the coup seemed to be flawless; peace had come to Europe for the first time in ten years, and Napoleon, the most powerful public figure in France, could now focus on re-strengthening France (McDougal, 585). However, the countries of Britain, Austria, and Russia were forming the Second Coalition, an alliance with the intent to stop Napoleon, behind the scenes of France’s post-victory glory (McDougal, 585). Napoleon soon held a plebiscite, or a vote by the people, which made himself emperor and bestowed total power upon him (McDougal, 585). As the years passed, Napoleon made many fatal military mistakes that led to the collapse of his empire and the defiling of the French Revolution’s legacy. These mistakes were terminal in three main campaigns, the Battle of Trafalgar, the Peninsular War, and the invasion attempt on Russia (Wilde, 2). The battle of Trafalgar was Napoleon’s attempt to invade Britain (McDougal, 587). Napoleon’s specialty was landShow MoreRelatedThe French Revolution: Napoleon Essay954 Words   |  4 Pagescountry. Napoleon Bonaparte, one of the greatest military leaders and Emperor of France, was born on August 15, 1769 in Corsica. Even though his parents were members of the minor Corsican nobility, his family was in fact not wealthy. Napoleon was affiliated with the Jacobins, a group greatly supporting democracy. In November 1799, Napoleon became first consul and in 1802 he was pronounced consul for life, but later decided to change his title to Emperor of France in 1804. He was a brilliant militaryRead MoreNapoleon s Tactics Of His Empire During His Reign As Emperor1218 Words   |  5 PagesAmbitious. Methodical. Precise. These are some of many words that could describe the strategies that Napoleon used to amplify his empire during his reign as emperor. Arrogant. Exorbitant. Unplanned. These words can also be used to describe some of Napoleon’s warfare strategies. Inspired by other world leaders and empires such as Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar, Napoleon in many ways stood on the shoulders of giants. He saw the possibilities and prospects available to him through conquest andRead MoreNapoleon Bonaparte, a Man of War1522 Words   |  7 PagesNapoleon Bonaparte rise to power was because of his strong army he formed and his strategy for winning wars however his fall came when he went to Russia intending to defeat them but lost. Napoleon’s policies were to ensure freedom and equality for the people and to give the people the education they needed. Napoleon Bonaparte was born Napoleone di Buonaparte in Corsica, August 15, 1769. He was a small child, and often was teased by his classmates when he was enrolled in military collegeRead MoreEssay Napoleon2888 Words   |  12 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;When most people think of Napoleon Bonaparte they think of either a tyrant emperor or a brilliant war strategist. Maybe both are right but in whatever conclusion any person comes to, they will know he was a small man who accomplished many great things. Napoleon conquered countries and developed a mass empire, which led to his celebrity like fame. He was a man that respected cultures and every religion and even cried when his men died on the battlefield. Bonaparte was an amazing person who droveRead MoreNapoleons Rise to Power1786 Words   |  8 PagesNapoleon Bonaparte was born Napoleone di Buonaparte in Corsica, August 15, 1769. His family consisted of his father, a lawyer and member of the Nobility, his mother, his si ster and his seven brothers. He was a small child, and often was teased by his classmates when he was enrolled in military college at a very early age in 1777, and it is believed that this influenced the determination he had to win later in life. Later, he went to Ecole Militaire from 1784 to 1785. Also in 1785, his father diedRead MoreThe French Defeat at the Battle of Waterloo and Napoleons Lack of Judgment2731 Words   |  11 PagesThe French Defeat at the Battle of Waterloo and Napoleons Lack of Judgment After abdicating to the island of Elba Napoleon Bonaparte returned to France to rule the country once again. However after just 100 days ruling he had suffered the final defeat and was aboard a British ship returning to exile once more. He gambled everything on a battle which if he had won wouldve have left in an extremely strong position in Europe and wouldve changed the face of Europe as we knowRead MoreHaitis Independence from France Came at a Cost Essay2624 Words   |  11 Pagesof one of the most strategic generals in history - Napoleon Bonaparte. Since the revolution ended in France, Napoleon could now focus on the revolt of France’s former colony: Haiti. Averting his attention there, he quickly dispatched his brother-in-law and French general Charles Leclerc along with an expeditionary of warships and soldiers to take back Haiti. Also, he secretly gave instructions to restore slavery into the country as well. As strategic as he is, Napoleon fooled L’Ouverture into a trapRead More World War Two Essay example4701 Words   |  19 Pagesthe United States and Congress declared war on Great Britain. On June 25, the French emperor, Napoleon Bonaparte led his army in Europe across the Nieman River into Russia.(1) Although these two events were thousands of kilometers apart they were directly connected t o each other. To some extent, the Americans declared war in protest against measures that were part of Britains effort to defeat Napoleon with the use of blockades. There are many interesting aspects to the War of 1812, including theRead MoreTraits, Behaviors, and Relationships6335 Words   |  26 PagesCHAPTER TWO TRAITS, BEHAVIORS, AND RELATIONSHIPS CHAPTER OUTLINE The Trait Approach Behavior Approaches Individualized Leadership In the Lead Jeff Immelt, General Electric Stephen McDonnell, Applegate Farms Colonel Joe D. Dowdy and Major General James Mattis, United States Marine Corps TruServe and North Jackson Elementary School University Public Schools Leader’s Self-Insight Rate Your Self-Confidence What’s Your Leadership Orientation? 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The Cause Of Obesity Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(163) " The entire figure of ingestion of bite and sodium carbonate in both states help bespeak teens ‘ state of affairs now at the high hazard in going corpulent\." Today there are about 23 1000000s teens populating in the US. ( Channel one web ) About 43 per centum of those are found to hold 5 repasts or more a twenty-four hours. ( Channel one web ) About tierce have 4 repasts per twenty-four hours. We will write a custom essay sample on The Cause Of Obesity Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Shockingly, merely about one-fourth consume 3 or less times a twenty-four hours. ( Channel one web ) Between the repasts, many teens choose to hold bites and Sweets instead than fruits. ( E-Medicine Health ) This sort of nutrient contains high-calories with low foods. ( E-Medicine Health ) Therefore, when teens eat this sort of nutrients excessively much than their organic structure demands, the organic structure will hive away the extra fat and over clip it will convey fleshiness to them. ( Suthouchaworawud ) Harmonizing to the USDA ‘s Nationwide Food ingestion, Daily entire energy consumption additions for adolescent misss and male childs by 113 and 243 Calories, severally. Soda ingestion increased dramatically in the early to mid 1990s. 32 per centum of adolescent misss and 52 per centum of adolescent male childs consume three or more eight ounce helpings of soda per twenty-four hours. Soft drink ingestion for stripling male childs has about tripled, from 7 to 22 oz. per twenty-four hours between 1978 and 1994. ( US Department of wellness ) In add-on, some parents and teens sometimes misunderstand about what healthy nutrient is. They are taken in by what the media promote to be a healthy bite. ( Popkin 64-67 ) The media claim that a healthy bite is good for your wellness, unlike, debris bite. ( Popkin 64-67 ) This is wholly incorrect. What media claim to be a healthy bite still contains high Calories and this means it can still assist teens to develop fleshiness. ( Popkin 64-67 ) Siam Thai teens today have a greater hazard of developing fleshiness because of their pick to eat. ( Manager online 174 ) Harmonizing to the statistic of Department of wellness, it shows that 55.7 per centums of teens in Bangkok between ages 12-18 like holding fast nutrient. ( Business Thai ) The most popular fast nutrients are pizza, fried poulet and beefburger. ( Business Thai ) About 35 % drink soda on a regular basis. ( Business Thai ) The alterations in teens ‘ eating wont contribute by alteration in parental function. Today many female parents work outdoors place to assist back up their household. ( Huadsiri 9 ) This means that female parent finally hold less clip to look after their households, particularly, their childs. ( Huadsiri 9 ) As parents have no clip or excessively tired from their work to cook, obviously, it show an increasing figure of households consume pre-cooked repast, street nutrient or fast nutrient either Thai or Western manner, alternatively of homemade re past. ( Huadsiri 9 ) Besides many teens remaining on their ain are more likely to eat out instead than cooking themselves. From my ain experience when I was in high school, I stayed at residence hall on my ain because my school was really far off from place. Most of my repasts there are pre-cooked repasts from outside because it is faster, more convenient and besides salvage my clip to clean up. Doctor Manat Karykul, a bosom onslaught physician and dietician at Rama infirmary, states that people who eat out addition 290 Calories more than eat at place. ( Manager Online ) This is because eating houses use much more oil in their nutrient. ( Manager Online ) Furthermore, oil which is used by eating house is palm oil. As everyone knows palm oil contains high-calories. ( Chunnasawadikun 36 ) Restaurants besides use a batch of sugar to their nutrient so the costumiers receive great sum of sugar from eating out. ( Chunnasawadikun 36 ) But when adolescent or their parents cook at place they can pull off around what stuff they should utilize. ( Manager Online ) Not merely do teens today over consume saccharide and fat, but they besides consume really small of vegetable. ( Bussiness Thai ) Vegetable filled with fibre aid to absorb fat from nutrient and let go of it out before bowel will absorb it into the organic structure. ( Chunnasawadikun 40 ) Furthermore, fibre besides helps to take fat that shop in the organic structure out to utilize it easy. ( Chunnasawadikun 40 ) This means that teens who eat really small vegetable can derive weight than teens who do because their organic structures to the full absorb fat into organic structure. ( Chunnasawadikun 40 ) From 1999 to 2004 entire gross revenues for bite in Thailand increased 35.2 per centum. ( Hawkes 47 ) In 2006 Thai teens spent 26 Baht per twenty-four hours on mean purchasing bite or 9,800 Baht per twelvemonth. ( Department of wellness 136 ) This is a large sum of money disbursement on nutrient compared to instruction. ( Department of wellness ) Furthermore, most bites that teens consume are â€Å" extruded bite † which chiefly consist of flour, sugar, Na taking teens to bit by bit develop fleshiness. ( Hawkes 47 ) Tai teens today receive about 23 per centum of energy from bite. ( Hawkes 40 ) Department of Health releases the information that kids age 12-14 have higher per centum in devouring high-energy bites, sugary drink, and high fat nutrient more than any other groups. ( Department of Health ) In decision, both Thailand and the U.S. ‘ feeding wont has been altering overtime in the same way in the manner that lead them to hold more opportunity in developing fleshiness. With both parents have to work outdoors to assist prolong their criterion of life, they have less clip with households. Because of this ground, it helps to explicate why both Thailand and the U.S. , the figure of striplings ‘ eating out has been progressively in late. With eating out, most teens take convenient into consideration in taking their nutrient. Inevitably, both Thai and American teens are more likely to devour fast nutrient, such as, pizza, fried poulet and beefburger – the nutrient that leads them to bit by bit develop obesity- because of its time-saving. Furthermore, teens in both the U.S. and Thailand consume a big sum of bite and sodium carbonate. The entire figure of ingestion of bite and sodium carbonate in both states help bespeak teens ‘ state of affairs now at the high hazard in going corpulent. You read "The Cause Of Obesity Health And Social Care Essay" in category "Essay examples" B. Physical Activities The US Many research workers conclude that there is an association between stripling ‘s behaviour and their environment. ( University of Florida ) The research workers claim that if the community has a safe park or environment supplying for teens, they are more likely to pass much more clip outside place holding merriment with friends and being more physically active. ( University of Florida ) This thought can back up by Toronto metropolis planning. Toronto provides its citizen an extra of bike lane which leads to the addition of 23 % in motorcycle usage. ( US Department of wellness ) Unfortunately, the environment in most of the metropoliss and suburbs today do non turn out to advance physically active for teens. ( US Department of wellness ) The unfastened countries and public Parkss available in the metropolis are few. ( US Department of wellness ) As a consequence, teens have no safe topographic point to hang out, therefore they stay home. Furthermore, high offense rate, unattende d Canis familiariss and insecure pathway besides maintain teens from out-of-door activities. ( US Department of wellness ) Traffic is another important factor that prevents teens from being physically active such as bicycling or walking. ( US Department of wellness ) Unfortunately, the increasing figure of people who are dead and injured in route accident causes the parents to be more likely to forbid their kids to travel out because they worry about their kids safety. ( University of Florida ) This high rate of accidents can assist to explicate why the figure of pupils walking to school decreased from 20 per centum in 1977 to 12 per centum in 2001. ( US Department of wellness ) The innovation of Television, computing machine games and picture games is besides another of import ground that keeps kids and teens from physical activities. Average striplings today watch Television or utilize computing machine about 3 hours per twenty-four hours. ( E-medicine wellness ) With sitting and watching Television or surfing the cyberspace, this limits their motion utilizing really small energy. ( E-medicine wellness ) Not merely do they utilize less energy, but watching Television and playing computing machine games besides encourages noshing. ( E-medicine wellness ) Furthermore, with working parents, striplings are less likely to take part in after school athleticss because parents worry about their kids ‘s transit to place. ( E-medicine wellness ) This instability between the energy ingestion and the energy disbursal leads teens eventually to go corpulent. ( Suthouchaworawud ) Siam From the study that was conducted at Siam Paragon and Central Pinklao, it shockingly shows that merely 9 per centum exerting more than 1-2 times per work while 24 per centum barely exercising at all. ( Appendix1, 2 ) Many factors contribute why many teens today exercising less. The most popular reply for why striplings today exercising less is because of their indolence which accounted for 50 per centum. ( Appendix1, 2 ) They merely do n’t desire to exert. But this is non an lone ground that keeps teens from being physically active. Harmonizing to my experience, sometimes it has to make with holding no clip every bit good because of busy agenda of tutoring. Many Thai teens today have to travel to tutoring schools after categories and besides during the weekend. Tai pupils start school at 8.30 A.M. and complete at 3.30 P.M. Many of them have to travel for tutoring after school until 8 or 9 P.M. After they finish tutoring, they have to make prep. Even during the weekend, they ha ve to travel for the coachs. This means that they about have no clip to make any other thing else. Technology is besides one of import factor lending to adolescent fleshiness. Harmonizing to the study, 39 % spend their free clip playing computing machine games while merely 12 % playing athleticss. ( Appendix1, 1 ) This shows that today Thai teens spend much more clip in forepart of Television or computing machines than traveling out. This can impact a great trade to their wellness as everyone knows that exerting can maintain his organic structure tantrum. Besides about teens today use private or public transit alternatively of walking or bicycling to school like the yesteryear. ( Tonsurat 12 ) This can non be blamed on teens themselves. Missing of pathway and bike lanes, high offense rate, and busy traffic makes it insecure for teens to walk or bicycle to school. ( Tonsurat 12 ) Furthermore, most teens go to school which it is really far off from place, doing it impossible for them to walk school. ( Tonsurat 12 ) To sum up, teens in both Thailand and the U.S. are now going physically inactive due to many grounds. First ground is to make with engineering. Technology- auto, coach, machine and computer- aid people, particularly, teens to populate lives more convenient and comfy, but, at the clip it is besides destroy their wellness indirectly. They now use labor-saving device, therefore, they spend less energy. Equally good as the innovation of Television and computing machine besides another of import ground to maintain teens of both teens from being physically active. Thai and American teens spend tonss of their clip in forepart of Television or computing machine each twenty-four hours. This non merely does it restrict the motion of teens as they merely sit in one topographic point, but it besides promote noshing. With more energy consumption, but less energy disbursement, teens, necessarily, will go corpulent. Not merely does the engineering affect a great trade on how people live, but enviro nment where teens live besides affect on teens ‘ behaviour. With the aid of engineering to construct up the modern metropolis, unfastened infinites for kids and teens to hang out available become less. Therefore, teens stay home, as reference above, passing their clip in forepart of Television and computing machine. Briefly, by being physically inactive allows a big figure of Thai and American teens now at terrible hazard to be fleshiness in about hereafter. C. Socioeconomic position The US The United State of American, many research workers have found a relation between poorness and fleshiness. ( Kuil 86 ) â€Å" Poverty can greatly impact the manner people eat. † ( Kuil 1 ) A immense sum of hapless people are corpulent instead than scraggy. ( Kuil 1 ) From the statistic, it shows that about 23 per centum of teens who develop fleshiness come from low income households while merely 14 per centum are kids in the better off households. ( Hitti ) Poor people choose to purchase nutrient based on their income instead than quality of nutrient. ( Kuil 1 ) Poor people do non believe about what is healthy or unhealthy nutrient to devour because most of them instead concern if today they will hold something to eat. ( Kuil 1 ) So with their limited income, they are forced to buy cheaper nutrients. ( Kuil 1 ) What hapless people get with cheaper nutrients is normally canned or frozen nutrient, cookies, and soda – â€Å" nutrient loaded with fat and Calories. † ( Hawn 92 ) . Poor people are less likely to buy fresh veggies, and fruits. This is because they are expensive and besides inconvenient for hapless people prepare home-meals. ( Kuil 1 ) A research worker, Nanci Hellmich, at USA Today has demonstrated that, â€Å" The Atkins diet would be about one hundred dollars a hebdomad if you make all the repasts at place, and the South Beach diet would be about 90 dollars a hebdomad. † ( Kuil 2-3 ) This is a batch of money for hapless people to pass on nutrient in which most probably can non afford it. Furthermore, debris nutrient is widespread among the hapless. ( Kuil 1 ) This is because it is easy to happen and besides really inexpensive. ( Kuil 1 ) Junk nutrient can be considered a bad diet nutrient excessively because of its â€Å" empty Calories. † ( Kuil 1 ) The â€Å" empty Calories † is the nutrients that contain high-calories with small other nutritionary values to your wellness. ( Kuil 1 ) This has a immense impact on their wellness refering their weight because they are more likely to over consume high-energy nutrient with its inexpensive monetary value and convenient. The Food Researcher and Action Center one time stated, In order to get by with limited money for nutrient and to stave off hungriness, households try to maximise thermal consumption for each dollar spent, which can take to over ingestion of Calories and a less healthful diet. ( Kuil 1 ) Since hapless teens have no pick to take a assortment of nutrient because of their limited household income, they are more likely than other category to devour unhealthy nutrients because of its inexpensive monetary value. Furthermore, teens ‘ physical activities with low income household are frequently limited. This is because their parents do non hold adequate money to offer their kid a gym or to fall in a athletics squad at school. ( Kuil 1 ) To fall in a athletics squad at school, it costs a great trade of money for the low income household. They have to purchase uniforms, athletics places and sometimes sport equipment. ( Kuil 1 ) With their limited money which even sometimes they have nil to eat, hapless teens are less likely to fall in and play athleticss. â€Å" The deficiency of physical activity combined with the hapless quality of nutrient leads to fleshiness. † ( Kuil 1 ) The ground why the unhealthy nutrients – sodium carbonate, cookies, debris nutrients – cost much less than veggies, fruits and meats is because of the subsidy plans designed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. ( Hawn ) The authorities spends a batch of money support on farming soya bean and maize doing it more plenty and cheaper than earlier. ( Hawn ) These subsidized soya bean and maize are distilled into â€Å" soybean oil and high fructose maize sirup, † two constituents usually found in high-calories nutrients such as soft drinks, cheeseburgers, murphy french friess and etc. ( Hawn ) With these authorities ‘s subsidy plans, the nutrients utilizing these soybean oil and maize sirup as a chief ingredient, go inexpensive. ( Hawn ) Dr. Adam Drewnoski at University of Washing concluded that the nutrient that uses subsidised harvests, such as Gallic fried, beefburgers and sodium carbonate, cost about five times less than the nutrient which is non subsidize d by authorities, such as Brassica oleracea italicas and fruit juices. ( Hawn 93 ) Siam Higher monetary value of nutrient around the universe and besides in Thailand affects a great trade on hapless people particularly among the husbandmans and labourers. ( Action for alteration 98 ) The higher monetary value of nutrient in Thailand has increased a batch during these few months both internally and externally. Among the goods, rice monetary value which is the chief beginning of nutrient in Thailand reaches the extremum. ( Action for alteration ) Besides, other monetary value, of nutrients such as porc, poulet, eggs have increased a great trade. ( Action for alteration ) This is due to the high monetary value of gas needed in transit the natural stuffs and the merchandises. ( Action for alteration ) Furthermore, the increasing monetary value of nutrients certainly affects on how hapless people purchase them. ( Action for alteration ) The hapless teens are scraggy and develop malfunction disease than fleshiness because without money or small money, many hapless kids in Tha iland have no money to purchase nutrient. ( Thai good wellness ) Unicef stated that kids and teens in Thailand who live in poorness are much likely to burden 4 times less than teens who live in better off households. ( The Thai News ) The kids and teens eat merely what their parents can buy or happen around them each twenty-four hours. ( Thai good wellness ) Some yearss, they merely have a spot of rice to eat without any meat or veggie. ( Thai good wellness ) With nutrient they can happen, they grill and boil meat, soft-boil veggies eaten with chili paste, alternatively of frying it assisting cut down fat in it. ( CDIR ) These sorts of nutrients contain low fat and Calories so it is healthy to eat. ( CDIR ) Still many people wonder that Thai curries are filled with coconut milk which contains much fat. Although curries contain batch of fat signifier coconut milk, herb in the curries can assist absorb much fat from coconut milk. ( Tonsurat 13 ) In decision, income degree does non needfully take to kids fleshiness in every state. It besides depends on many other factors such as the nature of each state ‘s regular nutrients, their citizens ‘ eating wonts, and besides the authoritiess ‘ actions. The Americans ‘ eating wont tends to prefer high-fat nutrient which provides a batch of energy for they live in cold clime. In contrary, Thais ‘ feeding wont is more concerned about wellness and herb plus that it is easier to turn and happen fresh veggies than to afford meat or even the cookery oil, the state of affairs is the other manner around in the United States. As mentioned earlier, the authoritiess sometimes have important influence on nutrient every bit good ; the U.S. authorities subsidizes high-calorie harvests which subsequently leads to high-calorie but inexpensive nutrients contrast with Thailand of which the authorities support the production of healthy nutrients like veggies and fruits plus the tropical clime is suited for turning them doing them low-cost, for instant illustration, the theory of sufficiency economic system introduced by our great King Rama 9th which promote every family to turn veggies by themselves for internal ingestion. The bottom line behind all of this can be summarized into one sentence which is â€Å" corpulent nutrients are inexpensive in the U.S. while expensive in Thailand and frailty versa for the utile nutrients. † How to cite The Cause Of Obesity Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Asian Values and Economic Development

Question: Write an essay about the "Asian Values and Economic Development". Answer: Introduction The author in this essay presents an argument that whether the concept of Asian values is useful for explaining the economic and political development in Asia. Asian values define the cultural unity of the countries that are in Asia. It is used to define the cultural, social, historical and economic elements of the countries that are common in nations of east and south East Asia. It is basically a political ideology that was developed in the year 1990. It basically explains the democratic framework of a country and the elements that unify the nations together. The main aim of the concept of Asian values is to explain the differences in the culture of the west and the east. The concept is very contradictory in nature as there are various opinions and comments that occupy the topic. There are many critics that have put forth their argument on the topic. It defines the rights that humans that have that is guided by the political and cultural background that people hold. Asian values are the principles that state the culture and history of Asian countries and the elements that unify them. The concept of Asian values is essential to understand the political development of nations though it is not that important to understand the economic development (Sowell 1998). Body Asian values There are various definitions of Asian values that are presented by various authors. The main aim of the Asian values was to create a pan Asian identity. It defines the elements of society, culture, history, politics that is common to nations of south East Asia and East Asia. Asian values use various principles and theories one of them being the principle of collectivism to explain commonalities that unifies people with same identity and culture for their economic and social good. The concept of Asian values was used to explain the rights that humans possess that differ due to differences in the cultural background of people. The concept of Asian values was developed by the prime minister of Singapore, Lee Kuan Yew in the year 1959 to 1990. But the concept gained the popularity in the year 1997 after the Asian financial crisis. During the time of the financial crisis it became evident that Asia lacked the rational and logical thinking and institutional mechanism to deal with the cri sis. The concept of Asian value is greatly influenced by the Confucianism. It means showing loyalty towards the society and community and forgoing the personal freedom and working for the benefit of nation and society. Asian values and ethics explain the government structure of the Asian nations in particular which is different from the western culture. It emphasizes on personal freedom (Fukuyama 1998). The concept of Asian value is based on various assumptions that create a methodological problem for the theory. It defines the system in which the political, social and economic characteristics of nations depend that is identifiable and distinct in nature. It exceeds the national, religious and ideological differences of nations. The cultural differences have been one of the reasons for the economic growth of the country that led to the development of society and politics (Hefner 1998). Asian values include the following beliefs and values: It transcends towards single party rule rather than political pluralism that means diversity within a political group. Asian values give preferences to social unity and agreement as opposed to argument and disagreement. The Asian values is concerned with socio economic well being of a nation rather than civil freedom and rights of human. The main aim of the Asian value is to explain the welfare of the entire community over the rights of individual. It believes in expanding and improving the condition of the entire society instead of just an individual. Asian values also mean showing loyalty and respect towards the higher authority that includes parents teachers and government. Asian values prefer collectivism and communitarianism over individualism and liberalism. It also believes in authoritarian type of government structure as opposed to liberal democracy. This means that the nation is rule by the government who has certain responsibilities and privileges (Inglehart 1997). The main argument that the vales of the eastern nations differ from that of west in terms of culture as eastern Asian values is more about society and authoritarian government while western culture is more of individualism and personal freedom. Historically the concept of Asian value was not only applicable and popular to Asian countries but it also gained popularity in Peoples Republic of China, Singapore and Japan. In the western countries Asian values were used to understand the culture of Asian nations and to promote a closer relationship with the regions of Asia. Asian values were not used for the development of politics and economy mainly but for the development of culture of nations (Harrison 1985). Few critics attribute the economic success of east and Southeast Asian nations to Asian values in 1960s to 1980s. The Asian political system as explained by Asian values is different from that of totalitarianism and liberal democracy. The concept of Asian values could not maintain its popularity until in 2006 when the vice president of Indonesia linked the agreement of East Asian free trade and East Asian community with the Asian values. The main argument of Asian was cooperation over competition. At present the concept of Asian value is used in context of human rights (Fukuyama 1998). Asian values and economic development The studies of rice farming show that large scale agriculture affects the collectivist mindset of the ease Asians. The Asian values indicates that compared to wheat farming, rice farming is labor intensive techniques that requires cooperation and coordination of labor. Asian value is a persistent concept to explain economic development in East Asia remains a topic of argument today also. An Asian value a theory that includes Confucianism does not accept the theory of social change. But economic development means bring about change be it changes in technology or the thinking of the society. It includes social change and it is a necessary condition. Economic development is not a matter of change in culture or cultural development. It is not a matter of values but economic development means improvement in technology, labor productivity and efficiency. Economic development depends on the skills and knowledge that, managers posses for proper handling of organization and not culture and va lue (Harford 2006). The example of Chinas economic development proves that it depends on logical thinking and efficiency and not on values and culture. China was able to escape from poverty and economic stagnation through innovative economic philosophy and thinking by Deng Xiao Ping and not by archaic Confucianism. Economic development and growth only takes place when there is efficient administration, good policy and incorruptible leadership apart from the values of Confucianism that is explained by Asian values. According to the article presented in the economist Asian values did not explain the astonishing success of economy nor did it explain the economic failures. The Asian values that helped many economies in past attain economic success especially the East Asia is now being proven wrong. The pacific century helped create a global environment for nations. The values that have helped the Asians nations creates a structure for development in past is now being collapsed. The Asia n values are different from that of the values of west and is somewhat considered to be universal (Carruthers and Babb 2000). The Asian values do not accept change but when development takes place change is automatically backed by it. The theory of social change as described by Asian values is not compatible with the change that the development and growth of the economy brings. For the critics of Asian value change was nothing but the decay of society and economy. The use of Asian values has created a difference in development of South and North Korea. The economic development in Asian nations was achieved through learning and knowledge that the Asians possessed. The nations already have wide range of technologies and savings. Therefore it was essential for the nations to improve the leadership and apply leaders decision making for the development of the economy. It was essential for the firm to apply the policies to make the best use of technologies and savings for the economic development. Policies were essential to innovate the products in an economy and also provide profitable opportunities. The economi c development in east was in contrast with that in the west as the western economic development was more of a spontaneous process than faster one. If Asian values were based on the empirical test then it would not be applicable in India because the values in India are based on Hinduism and not Confucianism. Asian values will encourage development only when the traditional reforms are transformed to be similar with development. For development of the economy it is essential to change the ideology for the destruction of ideas. This will mean that the Asian values need to be destroyed or modified to apply modern change in the economy. The theory of Asian values assumes that all countries of East Asia share the same culture which is wrong in practicality (Nagle and Mohr 1999). Asian values and political development Asian values are a political ideology developed in the year 1990. It supports the authoritarian type of government rather than liberal government. Authoritarian type of government is a structure where the government is authoritarian rule that has certain rules and responsibilities for the nation and also enjoys certain benefit. The main aim of Asian value is to show that the nations in Asia share some common political development and structure. The cultures of nations are defined through modes of social and economic organization that also includes patterns of political relationships, participation, citizenship and government. The Asian values have been an essential indicator of economic and political development. The Asian values have helped the East Asians nations arrange its political and social structure. The values are based on traditional belief. The culture defined by the Asian value is declining as a determinant of international and domestic politics in the context of globaliz ing process (Mackie 1998). With the rise in globalization and competition the power of government is declining as the government is said to influence the economy in negative way. The success of any country depends on the policies and rules set by the government because it is essential to utilize the resources of the country wisely. The neo liberal theory is the main concern of the Asian values. The debate is said that the Asian values are inseparable from the qualitative and quantitative patterns of development and economic growth. Asian values are a reflection of Asian politics of East Asian countries and not the values and the beliefs. The new debate of Asian values gave rise to populism a new Asian politics rather than describing the democratic theory of nation. The main aim of the Asian value is to describe the authoritarian type of government. It describes the democratic organizational structure where the government that rules the nation is for the people, by the people and fro m the citizens. The main aim of the government is to improve the general well being of the society as a whole and not just one individual. It is nation where people respect the higher authorities and have some loyalty for the government (Jones 1997). Criticism of Asian values Asian values have said to be general in nature. Asian values is also said to surpass the human rights and the freedom of speech by individuals in society. The main criticism lies in the concept of perceived success of many Asian democratic societies such as Taiwan, Honk Kong and Japan and many other countries. The other criticism of Asian values is the values only supported the rich ethnic group of society among the diverse minorities of the nation. The other criticism is that Asian value is a general theory rather than a specialized one. It is believed that the Asian value is in contrary to the universality of human rights (Friedman 2006). Conclusion Hence it can be said that Asian values is the concept used to describe the development of economy and politics of the traditional Asian economies. But Asian values cannot be used in recent times because in the changes in tradition and culture. Economic development is more of development in the efficiency and productivity of the economy and it does not depend on culture of the nations. Asian values are a concept that depends on the political ideology. It unifies the nations of the Asian continent through culture of the economy. It describes the authoritarian type of government where the government has responsibility to be fulfilled and also enjoys some benefit. Hence Asian values are a useful concept to describe the economic development and political development but the popularity of the Asian value is declining currently due to the drawback that it has. The main aim of the Asian value is to describe the differences in the cultures of East Asian nations and western countries. The Asia n values are based on the belief of freedom, coordination and society. Its main aim is to increase the well being of the entire nation and society and is greatly against totalities and individualism. The main principle is the principle of Confucianism that unites the nations based on the diverse culture. References Carruthers, B. and Babb, S. 2000, Economic Development, in Economy/Society: Markets, Meanings, and Social Structure, Pine Forge Press, Thousand Oaks, California. Ferguson, N. 2004, The Case for Liberal Empire, in Colossus: The Rise and Fall of the American Empire, Allen Lane, London. Friedman, T. L. 2006, The Virgin of Guadelupe, in The World is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-first century, Penguin Books, New York. Fukuyama, F. 1998. Asian values and the Asian crisis, Commentary, 105: 2. Harford, T. 2006, Why Poor Countries Are Poor, in The Undercover Economist, Little Brown, New York. Harrison. L. 1985, What makes development happen?, in Underdevelopment is a State of Mind, University Press of America, Boston. Hefner, R.W. 1998, Introduction, in Market Cultures: Society and Morality in the New Asian Capitalisms, Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado. Inglehart, R. 1990, Culture Shift in Advanced Industrial Society, Princeton University Press, Princeton. Inglehart, R. 1997, Modernization and Postmodernization: Cultural, Economic, and Political Change in 43 Societies, Princeton, Princeton University Press. Inglehart, R. 1999, Postmodernization Erodes Respect for Authority, but Increases Support for Democracy, in Norris, P., Critical Citizens: Global Support for Democratic Government, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Inglehart, R. and Caballo, M. 2000, Does Latin America Exist? (And Is There a Confucian Culture?): A Global Analysis of Cross-Cultural Differences, in Crothers, L. and Lockhart, C. (eds.) Culture and Politics: A Reader, St. Martins Press, New York. Jones, D.M. 1997, Political Culture and Political Development in Pacific Asia: The Evolution of the Developmental State, in Political Development in Pacific Asia, Polity Press, Cambridge. Landes, D. 1999, The Wealth and Poverty of Nations, Abacus, London. Mackie, J. 1998, Business Success Among Southeast Asian Chinese, in Hefner, R.W. (ed.) Market Cultures: Society and Morality in the New Asian Capitalisms, Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado. Nagle, J.D. and Mohr, A. 1999, Economics First, Then (Maybe) Politics: the Challenge of the East Asian Model, in Democracy and Democratization: Post-Communist Europe in Comparative Perspective, Sage, London. Sachs, J. 2005, The End of Poverty: How We Can Make It Happen in Our Lifetime, Penguin, London. Sandall, R. 2001, Why Cultures Succeed or Fail, in The Culture Cult: Designer Tribalism and other Essays, Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado. Sowell, T. 1998, An Overview, in Conquests and Cultures: An International History, Basic Books, New York.

United Nations Personal Statement Essay Sample free essay sample

The UN is one of the most competitory topographic points in the non-profit organisations. I want to be competitory and indispensable to the organisation as I am presently working with UN at its central offices in New York. The UN has a new policy called mobility system. an built-in portion of the staff choice system. This policy aims to develop a more multi-skilled and various staff. to advance a more incorporate attack to the many aspects of the organization’s work and to supply staff with more and varied calling chances. As such the organization’s purpose is to guarantee that its employees do non remain in the same place for more than five old ages. It is for the above ground that I need to foster my surveies. I have to stay relevant at my workplace. When I was analyzing at Ewha Women’s University in Korea. my professional dream was to work in a confer withing company covering with the current challenges of globalisation. We will write a custom essay sample on United Nations Personal Statement Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My ends have since changed and now my ultimate end is to work for the private sector. I have a Bachelor of Science grade from University of Massachusetts Boston specialising in Management Information System. I besides have a Bachelor’s grade from Ewha Women’s University in Korea where I specialized in International Business. In our current society. globalisation is the driving force that shapes every person’s day-to-day life. I feel this is peculiarly strong driven given that I came to the United States to analyze abroad when I was a high pupil. At the United Nations. I am a Team Assistant for the office of Human Resources Management. Policy support services. conditions of service subdivision and Department of Management. The status of Services subdivision is responsible for carry oning and organizing salary studies at most non-headquarters responsibility Stationss and for urging appropriate graduated tables. allowances and benefits. It besides deals with assorted types of Human Resource Policy support services to UN staff. I am responsible for supplying analytical and proficient support. As such I guarantee the organizations’ operational efficiency is improved. I am besides responsible for O.K.ing. monitoring. calculating and publishing the petitions for blessing of Daily subsistence Allowance ( DSA ) rates. I assist with issue and granting of the Occasional Recuperation Break ( ORB ) policy bi-annually and Publish Information Circular. I maintain an update the web site for conditions of service subdivision. I conduct economic research and analysis on assorted states for the readying of the salary studies. Therefore. I have accomplishments and experience in research and informations analysis on an international graduated table. In this. I have participated in old mission subsistence Allowance reappraisals and studies. I have good communicating accomplishments and is first-class in public relation. I handle clients who have inquiries and enquiries to the subdivision affairs. I one time provided support for a salary study workshop. I am the individual responsible for uploading occupation profiles in United Nation’s occupation site called Galaxy. Prior to working at the UN central office. I was working with LABBLEE corporation. in Cambridge USA. I acted as a back uping analyst and besides assisted concern development executives on assorted undertaking bringings. At the same clip. I redesigned. published and maintained the company web site. I believe I have great trade to offer the plan. non merely because of my exposure to two different civilizations. I have learned a great trade as the consequence of my work over the past four old ages in footings of technology’s impact upon international concern. Thus I hope within and without of the schoolroom to offer my fellow pupils cognition of my experiences in the proficient facets of concern in the United States every bit good as addition greater cognition of International concern as a whole. I would wish to go on prosecuting my instruction and work at the same clip. I want to be marketable in the private sector every bit good as in my current occupation. Having mobility is really important in my calling and the current working tendencies and conditions. I am non merely interested in the masters’ surveies for personal grounds I believe it is important for future professionals to larn in a multicultural environment. I besides have the alone gift of holding a personal history that spans more than one state and civilization. I have a rich background in concern and this is why I believe analyzing International concern will be relevant for me. During my stretch at LABBLEE. I researched on merchandises for buying and negotiated educational monetary values from sellers. I besides determined the quality of leads for the company. More over I recommended any farther concern development resources or activities to change over the leads into concern chances. I besides developed the company’s selling collateral and was in-charge of maintaining marketing collateral up-to-date. I besides conduct extended market research and identified new concern chances in the endeavors mark markets. This sort of success is a justification for my involvement in the private sector. To heighten my planetary competency. I ensured I gained competency in computing machine applications. I am good in computing machine linguistic communication accomplishments. These include c. Visual Basic. MSSQL. Cold Fusion MX. HTML. CSS. Crystal Report and JavaScript. My cognition in computing machine systems such as Windows 95. 98. 2000. XP. NT is huge. I am besides good in office application bundles such as ; MS-Office. Undertaking. Front Page. Vision 2000. Erwin. Dream Weaver. Adobe Page Maker. Fireworks MX and Adobe Photoshop. Deriving a master’s grade in the field of International Business will non merely supplement my cross-cultural position with the current theoretical model of international engineering. concern direction and cultural consciousness. It will besides enable me to take a new way in my professional life and aid others who seek to likewise alter the way of their professional life. While at the University I believe we will larn from one another by speaking about our reciprocally different yet complementary cultural and professional experiences and expertness. The Master surveies will assist me go an internationally attractive employee. I believe I will convey a wealth of cognition and experience to the University. Most of all. it will assist me accomplish my ultimate calling end.

Free Essays on Voltaire

The Child of Nature Voltaire’s wit and intelligence made him one of France’s greatest writers and philosophers. His writings are full of Enlightenment values and principles. L’Ingenu, written in 1767, reflects his views about individual freedom and people making their own way in the world. Voltaire is open to a society that is open to individual talent and merit for deciding social standing, and not a society that determines it by birth. He has reflected these attitudes throughout the story of L’Ingenu. Voltaire wrote L’Ingenu during a time when rationality and reason were being introduced into society. Whitty conversation and intelligent thinking began to take place. With this type of conversation one could made a mark in society and develop themselves as an individual. The Enlightenment was a period when people began to â€Å"come of the dark.† Medieval times were fast ending and with the help of new philosophers the world was now taking on some modern and alternative views. Ignorance was something they were trying to get rid of and being educated was seen as an important task. Education was now something for everyone, not just the wealthy anymore. They were becoming aware of the world around them and few at a time began to think about it now as not being controlled by God but by natural forces. Perhaps one of the most controversial topics of the time was religion. As people became educated, their views about God began to change. Atheism and the belief that there wa s no God began and showed the radical new way of thinking. Voltaire attacks religion and views it as a negative thing throughout L’Ingenu. The old view of religion was that God was divine and ruled the world. Most thought that God made everything happen and for a reason. During the beginning of the 1700s a new view began partly because of education. People began to believe that god created the world and then left it alone for natural forces and laws to occur... Free Essays on Voltaire Free Essays on Voltaire Francois Marie Arouet or more widely known as Voltaire, was a French writer and Philosopher and considered one of the central figures of the Age of Enlightenment in the 1700’s; this was a period that emphasized the power of human reason, science, and respect for humanity. Voltaire believed that literature should serve as a vehicle of social change. His biting satires and philosophical writings demonstrated his aversion to Christianity, intolerance, and tyranny. Voltaire’s sharp sense of humor won him favor of the 18th century French society. This great French writer and philosopher was born in Paris, France on November 21, 1694. His father, a wealthy notary, discovered Voltaire’s brilliance at an early age. At the age of 10 Voltaire was sent to study at the College Louis-le-Grand, the Jesuits ran this college. While at the school, Voltaire developed a strong enthusiasm for literature, especially poetry. Over the objections of his father, who wanted him to be a lawyer, Voltaire decided to be a writer. Voltaire quickly chose literature as a career. He began moving in Aristocratic circles and soon became known in Paris salons as a brilliant but yet sarcastic wit. Voltaire’ first work, Edipe, was a tragedy based on the old Greek story of Oedipus. This story was such a success that everyone predicted a brilliant career for the young writer. After his first success, Voltaire wrote some witty poems accusing the French regent Phillippe II, duc d’Orleans of heinous crimes; this resulted to Voltaire’s imprisonment in the Bastille for an entire 11 months. During his 11-month detention is when Voltaire completed his work on an epic poem on Henry the IV, the Henriade. This is when he began calling himself Voltaire; these classic writings brought him instant wealth. He was often noted for his generosity but also displayed astute business sharpness throughout his life and became a millionaire. Later Voltaire had anothe... Free Essays on Voltaire The Child of Nature Voltaire’s wit and intelligence made him one of France’s greatest writers and philosophers. His writings are full of Enlightenment values and principles. L’Ingenu, written in 1767, reflects his views about individual freedom and people making their own way in the world. Voltaire is open to a society that is open to individual talent and merit for deciding social standing, and not a society that determines it by birth. He has reflected these attitudes throughout the story of L’Ingenu. Voltaire wrote L’Ingenu during a time when rationality and reason were being introduced into society. Whitty conversation and intelligent thinking began to take place. With this type of conversation one could made a mark in society and develop themselves as an individual. The Enlightenment was a period when people began to â€Å"come of the dark.† Medieval times were fast ending and with the help of new philosophers the world was now taking on some modern and alternative views. Ignorance was something they were trying to get rid of and being educated was seen as an important task. Education was now something for everyone, not just the wealthy anymore. They were becoming aware of the world around them and few at a time began to think about it now as not being controlled by God but by natural forces. Perhaps one of the most controversial topics of the time was religion. As people became educated, their views about God began to change. Atheism and the belief that there wa s no God began and showed the radical new way of thinking. Voltaire attacks religion and views it as a negative thing throughout L’Ingenu. The old view of religion was that God was divine and ruled the world. Most thought that God made everything happen and for a reason. During the beginning of the 1700s a new view began partly because of education. People began to believe that god created the world and then left it alone for natural forces and laws to occur...

The life of Pope Alexander VI (1492-1503) Research Paper

The life of Pope Alexander VI (1492-1503) - Research Paper Example Nicole in Carcere Where he served until 1471 and became cardinal bishop of portal and dean of Sacred College called Eubel Hierachia College. In 1457, he was the vice chancellor of the roman church. He had passion in card playing, he was self disciplined in eating and drinking and worked professionally in his administrative duties. He acted in evil ways whereby towards 1470, he broke the celibacy rule of roman priesthood when he began a relationship which led to bearing children with a roman lady Vanozza Catanei and fathered four children; Juan, Caesar, Lucrezia, and Jofre (Conte 317) He secured a two-thirds majority vote and was declared as pope in the morning of 14th august 1492, and acquired the name Pope Alexander VI. The election however was questionable but there was no evidence that Borgia had paid anyone for his election. The Romance expressed their acceptance and joy in bonfires, torch light processions, flowers and erecting triumphal arches with extravagant inscriptions. His coronation was then on 26th august. The roman city was said to encounter lawlessness at the time when Pope Alexander VI was appointed. This is well evidenced by the many assassinations that had already taken place. Thus after his appointment and coronation he went ahead to justify his good opinion to the people by putting an end to the lawlessness. He ordered for investigation whereby every culprit behind the assassination was to be hanged and his entire family brought down. He made four districts from the then city and put magistrates in charge of justice and order, further he appointed two days weekly when people would personally present their grievances to him (Gwynne 30). The method was within no time seen as efficient for justice restoration. He then turned to defense where he turned Mausoleum of Adrian into a fortress that would sustain a siege, fortified Torre di Nano thus secured the city from naval attacks. He transformed Leonine city to be the

Leaning an operational delivery process Research Paper

Leaning an operational delivery process - Research Paper Example Inventory management practices are essential aspects of any organisation. Many organisations have changed from the traditional settings to production and inventory management. The role of inventory management is to ensure faster inventory turnover. Artisanal Burger Company (ABC) Restaurant is a joint that is famous for its burgers, homemade bread and delicious omelets. The restaurant is located at 1436 Pleasant Valley Road, Manchester, CT 06042 (www.yelp.com). According to the reviews by customers, the services have not been ideal for maximising profits and reduction of waste. The management needs to rethink and introduce new techniques of managing assets and inventories. An investigation of processes in this restaurant indicates that there is need to introduce Lean thinking in ABC Restaurant. Improvements can bring significant savings for the restaurant owners, which would, in turn, be passed on to the customers, both quantitatively and qualitatively. One customer says, â€Å"the burgers are hit and miss†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..ABC lacks consistency (www.yelp.com). One of the problems identified was that it takes too much time to deliver food to the table. Secondly, there is no accuracy of orders. Finally, the time it takes a customer to pay the bill is too long. Problems were identified in the dining area, kitchen area, and billing area. The issues that were identified are summarised in Table 1. ABC’s delivery process does not match with its performance objectives. Markovic, Raspor and Segaric (2010, p. 181) state that a restaurant business is a demanding business, and it, therefore, stresses on the provision of high-level customer service and continuous quality improvement. There is constant change of peoples’ lifestyles. Thus, customers desire new flavours, comfortable ambience and pleasant memories. Restaurants that provide high-quality service gain stronger competitive advantage in the current dynamic marketplace. The issues outlined in Table 1 indicate the

Operation Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Operation Management - Essay Example The QMS shall also provide the parameters for quality service while performance monitoring of each of the processes shall be through the process’ key performance indicators. Any flaw or parameter that fails to satisfy the accepted threshold of the performance indicator shall be subject to a root cause analysis to determine a corrective or preventive solution. The QMS requires regular review to ensure that the organization remains focus and faithful to its objective. The hotel employee’s performance shall be subject to evaluation by using the key performance indicator’s root cause analysis. For QMS, the hotel guest’s or patron’s feedback, comment or opinion is accorded greater weight as it will not only change how the hotel will conduct its business but it will equally show how the hotel value their guest’s and patron’s point of view with regard to the hotel’s operation. ... The marriage of technology and human ingenuity are very much apparent in the hotel industry by deploying an Enterprise Resource Planning system. As applied to the hotel industry, it would ensure excellent customer experience from their reservation up to their next visit. The deployment of a Customer Relationship Management System would ensure that all issues are addressed and monitored and shall similarly ensure that the business is properly guided on how to become customer centric. However, technology will not work on its own as its success will be dependent on the employees who use the system and those who will execute the work instructions recommended by the system. A framework that will capitalize on the strength of the employee enabled by technology shall be the onus of this paper. The sole purpose of which is to ensure the customer focused operation of the hotel while practicing processes that feed on continual improvements to manage the bottom line. Using these strategies, Lea dership in the industry and profitability should not be far behind. METHODOLOGY The valuable discussions in Operation Management have been the inspiration by this writer to seek out more knowledge in pursuit of excellence. Thus, it led to the discovery that the concepts presented herein have been in existence for some time, and various authors not only wrote extensively on the subjects but they have exhaustively been part of its continual improvement so to speak. Capitalizing from the experiences of these management gurus and the erudite deliberation in Operations Management this author therefore recommend a more comprehensive examination of the Hotel’s Customer Service. Using the ISO 9001:2008 Quality Management System framework, this author

Competence-Assessment Questionnaire

Competence-Assessment Questionnaire Introduction This individual assignment focuses on Chen Qianqians self-awareness on competence development efforts this semester. This assessment will discuss key results of the conducted competence-assessment questionnaire; critically review the major differences between Chen Qianqians self-assessment and the assessment received from a friend (Natasha) and family member (Yifan); and state two competence areas she wants to develop most this semester. Key results of the competence-assessment questionnaire Strong competence areas Communication: I consider myself as an effective communicator, and I am congruent with the message that I deliver. Communication is like a soft skill, which empowers me to express myself, gather information, form relationships and interact with others. Communication is crucial in my personal career to perform basic functions of operations and management, and will improve employee relations in workplace. (Carlopio and Andrewartha, 2012). Collaboration: Personally, I value the importance of collaboration a lot. Many hands make light work, it is undeniable that the power of effective collaboration will help a company to achieve development and success. In my personal career, personal capacity is absolutely vital, however as a team member, the ability to discuss, tolerate, negotiate, compromise, support members, share resources, respect and trust each other, communicate effectively, act swiftly to coordinate and cooperate are long-term skills that need to be practiced. Managingchange: In my study life, I seek to develop my strain capacity and adaptive ability to manage changes. I am open to changes because I understand changes may redirect you to a better result or life track. Its important for me to learn how to manage changes in my personal career, because changes will train people to turn an unexpected challenging situation into a favorable condition. Weak competence areas Emotional intelligence In this survey, I responded the disagree on the statement never lose temper when I feel frustrated or angry. We all get angry or frustrated, and sometimes its not easy to control yourself and prone to rage burst. However, negative consequences of losing temper may lead to a damage your social relationship and even may ruin your career. Therefore, it is essential for me to practice and keep cool when I feel my temper burning. Persuasion: I do not consider myself as a persuasive person, because usually there will be a lack of evidence, and especially with logical when I support my arguments. Persuasive speaking more likely to enhance the communication in workplace, that helps to establish supervisory rapport. Ability to engage others, and influence their opinions, can pay a big role in whether youre entrusted with similar assignments or left on the sidelines. (Khare, 2010) Networking: There is a resistance on building up my new relationships. Sometimes I feel awkward meeting with strangers or talking to strangers, which really pushes me out of my confront zone. However, a developed social network is essential for my personal career to help businesspeople connect with other managers and entrepreneurs to further each others business interests by forming mutually beneficial business relationships. Through social capital leaders can offer tap into the financial and intellectual capital of their network contacts. Critically review differences between assessments Yifan is my order sister, so in certain way, she know me very well. However in her assessment, she consider me as Excellent at networking; never loose temper; persuasive and motivated. Despite my sister lives with me, she never studied or worked with me. Most of Yifans assessments were based on the cognition of childhood experiences with me. Language gap is a possible reason why Yifan assessed me differently. Linguistically drives misunderstanding is a typical communication phenomenon when we put our thoughts and ideas out into written messages in a foreign language. Because English is not her first language, she might misunderstand the meaning, or found trouble comprehend these statements. Moreover, the time-constrained evaluating process caused her a degree of pressure, which might also influence the assessment result from what the questionnaire intended to convey. It is surprising to see that Natssha responded slightly disagree on the statement Thinks about the best way to communicate a message. Since I consider myself an effective communicator, this difference may occur due to cultural differences. Even though Natashia comes from Asian country, she has started learning English since little in local international school, and she is influenced by the western culture deep-rooted. China has a high-context culture, and an implicit communication occurs more often in such culture. In what the anthropologist Edward Hall (2003) referred to, people carry messages in an implicit way in high-context culture. So personally I prefer to use phone message, but Natassha prefer face-to-face. Cultural differences and individual habits influenced the way she sees and analyzes me. Two prior competences area in Semester 1 Motivation Motivation is a core component of constructive theories of learning and self-improvement. It is a zest that stimulate individual, provide direction to personal behavior, and underlines the tendency to persist. (Bartol and Martin, 1998) According to the research conducted by Schunk (1989) and Zimmerman (1989), the researchers demonstrated that students accomplished progressively and were more spurred when they set particular goals for themselves. Therefore, it is prior for me to boost motivation in a brand new semester by setting clear and achievable study goals. Once I determine my goals, I can use them as motivational tools to achieve learning objectives, develop and direct myself toward better performance in study. (Locke Latham, 1990) -Professional Networking In order to integrate into local life and study, networking is consider to be another priority. Networking is a virtuous circle, good working relationship improves the perception of project success. (Kintish, 2014.) There is nothing a student need more than good relationships with others in their brand new semester. Networking allows me to become connected with a professional in my field or with students who are also going into similar fields. Advice given from my perspective networking connections can help you become familiar with what to do and what not to do when it comes to my subject.

For the Environment or For Creating New Businesses :: Environmental Environmentalist Essays

For the Environment or For Creating New Businesses What do you think of when someone talks about being for the environment or for creating new businesses? I know if I were asked that question the first thing that would come to my mind is the radical environmentalist. I tend to stereotype them into groups of tree huggers, protesters, members of Green Peace or the Sierra Club, and those that will only eat organic foods. On the other end of the spectrum is â€Å"Big Business† or those for the economy. When I think of these types of people I think of those that have no regard for the environment, they dump pollutants, and kill fish and birds. Their sole purpose in life is to make money regardless of the cost to the environment. In reality the two ends of the spectrum are melded together, one cannot survive without the other. Richard White in his writing, â€Å"Are You an Environmentalist or Do You Work for a Living? Work and Nature,† he refers to how individuals have created a large separation between nature and work. White states that â€Å"most humans must work, and our work-all our work-inevitably embeds us in nature, including what we consider wild and pristine† (185). On an episode of the Simpson’s Lisa falls in love with an environmentalist and helps him in his crusade to save the environment. The episode portrays the environmental group with all of the typically euphemisms associated with being for the environment. The leader of the group wears dreadlocks, Birkenstocks, and stages a protest of Krusty Burger and is arrested. In order to impress the leader Lisa takes on the fight to save the oldest living Sequoia from the Texas business tycoon. The Texan was portrayed as the big Texan with lots of money and no regard for the environment just build to make more money. Lisa becomes a â€Å"tree hugger† and lives in the tree as a protest to prevent cutting the tree down. In the end Lisa leaves the tree and it is struck by lightening and falls. The fallen tree rolls down the hill out of control. It destroys the Hemp store and wipes out a factory. The morale gathered from the story is that without a compromise between the environmentalist and the businessman there is devastation for both sides. Part of the problem is the media exploits the two ends of the spectrum; it is either one way or another.

George Alagiah’s Passage To Africa Essay

In a passage to Africa George Alagiah conveys his feelings about journalism during the course of his stay in Somalia through the use of various different language and literary devices. In a passage to Africa George Alagiah uses powerful and emotive language to show is views about journalism. An example of this is shown in the quotation: ‘that went beyond pity and revulsion’ , ‘revulsion’ has strong connotations of horror and disease so it marked the reader sympathise with the nature of the terrible scene that Alagiah is encountering in the village which he is observing. Another quotation that shows this is: ‘normally inured to stories of suffering, accustomed to the evidence of deprivation’, this quotation shows the way that Alagiah is hardened by the experiences that he has faced through the word ‘inured’ meaning immune to in conjunction with the words ‘suffering’ and ‘deprivation’, both of which have extensive connotations of evil and terrible hardship on those that it refers to, overall showing that Alagiah was steadfast to the other horrors that were unfolding around him and that the event he had just witnessed ahs managed to break his immunity of disconnection between him and the subject of his journalism. These quotations all show that Alagiah used emotive and powerfully connotated words to show the disconnection and connections with the journalist and subject. In the text Alagiah also uses a variety of sentence structures to show his views an observational journalist. An example of this is: ‘I saw that face for only a few seconds, a fleeting meeting of eyes’, the use of the above sentence structure shows that this very brief moment had deeply impacted Alagiah’s views on the way that he considered his role as a passive observer. Another example of this is the quote: ‘normally inured to stories of suffering, accustomed to the evidence of deprivation’, the way that the sentence is structured shows that Alagiah is meaning to portray a list to show how he feels about the way that a journalist can be susceptible to becoming accustomed to the terrible scenes that are unfolding before there eyes. In ‘a passage to Africa’ Alagiah uses a range of literary devices to show how he feels about journalism. An example of his use of literary devices on the following quotation: ‘If he was embarrassed to be weakened by conflict and ground down by hunger, how should I feel standing there so strong and confident?’, this reflective anecdote shows that as Alagiah is  there he is still reflecting on the way that he is so content and nourished while the people he is standing amongst are suffering terribly. Another example of literary devices in the quotation: ‘what was it about that smile?’, this rhetorical question shows how Alagiah is inquisitive into the thinking of the people he observes. These literary devices show his beliefs about journalism through the way he writes his reports. In conclusion is a passage to Africa George Alagiah uses a variety of language, sentence structures and literary devices to show his beliefs about journalism and the re lationship between him and the people he writes about.

TRIP Policies and Regulations

TRIP Policies and Regulations The development of businesses and corporations worldwide has created a market that is property and rights oriented. There is a lot of scheming and fraud that governments and private companies have to develop protection for, in a form of copyrights and patents.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on TRIP Policies and Regulations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Not only are there ownership rights for products and physical property but also, for ideas and potential goals, plans and strategies. An idea is worth much more than the finished product because it is the basis for all production. One of the regulations that protects inventions and inventors, consumers and businesses is the TRIPS Agreement- which is Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. It takes control over trading and selling privileges in the market, regulating and enforcing guidelines for fairness and honesty. The purpose of this paper is to take a detailed look at the regulations and the process that govern transfer, sale and the general movement of products. An important aspect related to rights for these products and issues that could come up will be closely examined, which will clarify the problems that presently exist in the market and trading industry. The power of laws will be examined, through the example of TRIP, as it is a global agreement, which covers the whole market and is equally applicable to all people and organizations. Since profits and potential future success are one of the key points in trade and businesses, the reasons for agreement such as TRIP will be analyzed. The difference between countries globally, is very noticeable.Advertising Looking for essay on business corporate law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The developed countries have an established order and control of goods and intellectual property, while developing countries m ight have some setbacks or limitations that can be used by others to their advantage. The agreements are also made for a purpose to treat all members equally, to the point that if a certain favor or a special condition is offered to one participating side, everyone must receive the same treatment without exceptions. Previously, the world trade was not as regulated as it is today, which led to a number of unfair and unbalanced transactions. The transport and use of certain products might be regulated as well. For example, some products or technologies or even concepts, will not be allowed to be used in some parts of the world. This might be due to cultural differences or specificity of a product. Some businesses would not want to suscept the market to their ideas or product or they might want to keep it exclusive for their own country. The stability of the country, as well as relations between countries depends on governments, their communication and cooperation. The paper will also focus on the technology and information that might be taken out or taken into the country. The intricate relationship between the government, business and the economy directly affects the trade and the criteria which set up the framework and structure of the economy. When new countries join and become members, they are bonded by the same agreements and provisions. The governments take an active part in the enforcement and control of the established rules and regulations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on TRIP Policies and Regulations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The need for agreements and laws that regulate trading and property possession are a necessary attribute of the global economy and businesses. Governments, private corporations, as well as individuals, all participate in the establishment and continuation of fair and respectable trade.

Trade Conflicts between the U.S. and China Essay Example

Trade Conflicts between the U.S. and China Essay Example Trade Conflicts between the U.S. and China Essay Trade Conflicts between the U.S. and China Essay The rapid increase in the trade deficit is sharpening Sino-US trade friction. On the one hand, American accused that Chinese used unreasonable exchange rate policy and dumping strategy, which increase unemployment in US, in addition, this result in damage to American economy. So US government pushes strong pressure to Chinese government for appreciation of the RMI. On the other hand, American government takes some protectionist policies, such as raises tariffs, anti-dumping and other policies. As known, trade protectionism will only lead to world trade war which damage to the overall welfare of general public. Actually, trade protection is widespread in many nations. Several experts have explained from a political economic perspective. The overriding presumption of world trade presents varying views on one hand, free trade can increase the international interests with maximum restriction. On the other hand, unilateral liberalizing of trade can enhance a nations benefit with maximum restriction. Therefore, rational understanding of the causes Sino-USA trade conflicts bears important practical significance to prevent trade protectionism. In recent years, America trade deficit with China continued to increase. In 2001, American trade deficit with China reached 83 billion , which soared to 103 billion in 2002, and climbed to 124 billion in 2003. A rapid increase in the trade deficit is sharpening Sino-US trade friction. On the one hand, American accused that Chinese used unreasonable exchange rate policy and dumping strategy, which increase unemployment in US, and result in damage to American economy. So US government pushes strong pressure to Chinese policies against Chinese color TV, furniture and textile, and other products. Trade friction was defined as confrontation between various countries, which defend for heir own interests by taking economic, political, military, import restrictions and expanding exports, with the core objective to adopt various means to fight for the world market (Petri Crook, 2007). For example, a country limit the number of importing goods coming the country, will get corresponding retaliatory measures, which formed the trade friction. Some developed countries with advanced environmental protection technology, make a very high environmental standards to protect the domestic goods, forming a green trade friction with other countries. The duty of international economics suggests that, there are two basic reasons for countries in international trade, namely comparative advantage and scale economy. Comparative advantage and scale economy economies constitutes the origin and development of international trade, also contains the undercurrent against international trade. Participating in international economic intercourse, being engaged in international trade, whether it is for comparative advantage or for reasons of scale economy, the trade income can not be equally balanced. And some countries even lose benefits from trade. A typical example of such trade is North- South trade, which causes increasing global wealth gap between the south countries and the north countries. Thus, the existence of non-balance pattern of international trade, results in todays world trade policy environment and trade disputes. With the development of globalization, the economic ties between countries are increasingly close. Economic internationalization and economic development has gradually deepened. Economic globalization makes the world resources get reasonable allocation (Petri. Crook, 2007). This requires a global unified trade rules. However, the political system is not uniform, so it is easy to cause trade friction. In the era of economic globalization, global production and unified world market, it needs a unified global standard competition rules. But in fact, a variety of domestic regulations have serious impacts on the economic development and trade between countries . At the same time, as a result of economic globalization, the competition among countries is gradually strengthening. But at the same time, the international environment is complex and changeable, and unstable and uncertain factors are increasing. The developed countries will take the economic and scientific dominance for a long time, which aggravate the imbalance in world economic development. The rise of trade protectionism has brought new challenges to many countries. In this context, increasing trade friction is the normal state. Because of this, some experts claimed that global economy has entered a so-called trade friction era. In the era of economic globalization today, because all the countries in the world are seeking to maximize their own interests, trade friction will be normal. Economic globalization is triggered another important reason of Sino-US trade friction. Because China is a developing country with imperfect economic and political system, which is different from USA, it is easily leads to trade friction. As long as the two sides follow the principle of equality and mutual benefit, the friction can be completely resolved. However, the Sino-US trade friction has intensified these days. If it can not be solved correctly, it will seriously affect the bilateral trade relationship development and the economic sustainable development. POP-Unified On March 16th, 2007, an American pet food manufacturer announced the recall of a large number of pet foods from the North American market. The U. S. Media said pet food poisoning was from China source. In June, Chinese toys encountered cold wind, USA companies announced three massive recalling of 21 million Chinese toy productions, which involving exceeded standard of paint and lead for coating. In order to balance the trade deficit, the restriction policy, in general, is not helpful to increase the total economy and welfare of USA. It is proved by economic theories that free trade can improve allocation of resources and social welfare. In fact, imported cheap products can curb rising prices. With deepening of trade liberalizing, various countries have cut riffs barriers. But as substantial reduction in tariff levels, at the same time, countries also sought non-tariff barriers to protect domestic industry. Anti-dumping is a kind of important non-tariff barrier. Due to its characteristics of damage and convenient operation, it is allowed by WTFO rules as trade remedy measure. So it is popularly adopted around the world. America as the number one economy in the world has a long history of antiquating to limit foreign imports and to protect their own particular industry. With increasing GATORS trade talks was held successfully, USA and other industrialized countries cut the tariff level down to 4. So America takes anti-dumping as powerful weapon. In recent years, there is growing number of anti- dumping cases. China is USA important trade partner since establishment of diplomatic relation in 1979, bilateral trade volume increased year by year. But at the same time, USA trade deficit with China increased, resulting in bilateral trade friction happened frequently. USA builds high no-tariff barriers on Chinese products, and frequently uses various means to limit imports of Chinese products. Therefore, anti- mumping has become one of the most important means. Bonn and McCullough (2005) pointed out that, ISIS anti-dumping measures has been obvious discriminatory to China. Since 1990, China has become the number one target of America anti- dumping investigation. China is often the only countries being investigated. II. Literature review In the field of international economy, trade friction has a long history, with the early trade disputes including Anglo-Hansen trade war, Franco-Italian trade war and Hawley Smooth trade war. Since sass, with the deepening of economic globalization, the trade protectionism, is sweeping across the world. The trade friction between the countries has shown new trends and characteristics, which are diversified, concealed, and efficient. The trade conflicts between developed countries and developing countries, especially Sino-US trade friction, have become the focus of concern. Various theorists have studied trade conflicts from political and economic approach (Baldwin, 1985 Leverage, 1983 Rowley et al, 1995). At present, many scholars put forward that the trade frictions generated in the political process. Political economy about trade originated in the inability to explain trade intervention logic in real international trade. The classical trade theory or new trade theory can not explain trade intervention policy, which has prompted economists to search trade policy from a new point of view. A formed policy will impact different interest groups, mainly influence their benefits. The traditional economic theory explained that government behaviors are driven by external actors. Political economic theory makes a breakthrough to consider the influence different interests groups. The political economic approach of trade policy can clearly explain forming process and operation mode of the political market. Stiller (1971) pointed out that, interest groups through lobbying and pressing politicians to seek their favorable policies. The politicians who seek political support minimization would likely to give favorable policies to specific interest groups. So, political market, in which a public policy is the commodity, is formed, with interest groups as the buyers, politicians as commodity sellers. Grossman and Hellman (1994) created a description of interaction model describing government and interest groups. The authors assumed that interest groups are consisted of exclusive elements, which provide the government with the lattice capital and in return they seek for tariffs or export subsidies. Different political donations are corresponding to different tariffs or subsidies, which formed the so-called donation price list. Grossman and Hellman believed that protection level is positively related to capability of interest groups, but is negatively correlated with the elasticity of import demand. The above documents indicated that interest groups eventually will have an important impact on trade policy, but the interest groups lobbying and donation activities are directed at the Congress, not for the TIT and TIC members. Baldwin (1985) set up a bridge between interest groups and the government officials. He pointed out that, the important congressional committee can exert very important influence on the process of TIC, because members of Congress can not only directly persuade and press members of TIC, but also can control TIC through budget constraint. When a member of some interest groups, for example, a manufacturer or labor organization, puts forward anti-dumping litigation, he will see help from closely related members. Congressmen put pressure on the TIT and TIC, so that the decision is beneficial to the interest group. Hansen the empirical test (1990) confirmed Baldwin hypothesis (1985), she pointed out that members of Congress can to control the administrative officials through a series of incentive measures, such as budget allocation, oversight hearings, legislative activities, public opinion propaganda and so on. Different from the above view, Appellant. Et. Al. (1976) pointed out that the government rarely seeks to maximize social welfare policy the government is seeking policies that made the political support minimization. These policies typically reflect interests of the most influential interest groups. In fact, economists and political scientists have paid great attention to influence of interest group on trade policy. The earliest literature can be traced back to Starchinesss Politics, Pressure and the Tariff. In this book, Scatterbrained studied the influence of interest group in American Smooth Hawley Act in 1929-1930, which opened up the study of interest groups role in the formation of trade policy. In the sass, C. P. Kindergrtner published Group Behavior and International Trade. He proposed, in some cases, international trade can be studies from national group action. He analyzed the status hanged of different interest groups in European countries. Obviously, Scatterbrained and Kindergrtners study on the interest group mainly referred from study methods of sociology and politics. After the theory of public choice in sass-sass, scholars have conducted in-depth analysis of influence of interest group on trade policy. In sass, especially after sass, many scholars have studied the formation process trade protection, and put forward different political economy model. Grossman and Hellman (1994) developed a formal framework to integrate the domestic politics into international trade relations. They assumed that the government is both concerned about the general interests of voters and special interests of political donations. They analyzed the game and strategic interaction between the domestic interest groups and government officials. They analyzed non- cooperation and cooperation tariff game model, and testified how domestic politics determined the government international goals. In addition, Gould and Woodbine (1998) investigated the dynamic process of trade protection, revenge and trade war. They found that the decision and implementation of foreign retaliation tariff and there trade policy are as same as domestic political process. Trade policy is not determined by exogenous target of government, but by internal competitive interest groups. They concluded that liberalizing, trade protection, and revenge are the interactive process between foreign political power and domestic political power. These analyses will undoubtedly increase understanding the political reasons for trade friction. Sino-US textile trade dispute problem is most typical case. Textile and apparel commodities are the largest exports in Sino-US bilateral trade, because textile has always been regarded as sensitive goods. Therefore problem of Sino-US textile trade between the two countries is very difficult to solve. Since textile trade problems in 1972, the two countries have signed several textile trade agreements. USA protectionists try strong efforts to prevent Chinese textiles into the USA through quota restrictions and other measures in bilateral agreements. After China entered WTFO, Sino-US textile trade entered into a relatively quiet period. But because of increasing textile exports to the United States, America Textile Manufacturers Association constantly accused Chinese manipulation of the RMI exchange rate, which weakening the American textile competition ability and pressed on the Bush government, eventually forced America Ministry of Commerce enabled China-U. S. WTFO Agreement. Once the Chinese textiles disrupted U. S. Market, the export growth rate of the related products would be restricted within 7. 5. In 2003, US government officially implement a one-year guarantee measure to from Chinese three categories of textile products knitted fabric, brassiere and gown, which caused strong protest from China Chamber of Commerce, who pointed out that it violates WTFO regulations. The United States contradict WTFO fundamental purpose and spirit, and cause a negative impact on Sino-US textile trade relations (Petri. Crook, 2007). Due to the transformation and upgrading of the ISIS economic structure, the textile industry and clothing industry declined. Contrarily, Chinas textile industry was quite competitive because of cheap labor force it seemed China will be the biggest benefited party during this trade. Since China Joined the WTFO, US textile industry always kept an eye on Chinas textile industry. They found Chinas production capacity of textile industry kept strengthening. At the same time, benefiting from the cancel of quota restrictions, the unit price of Chinas textile product decreased sharply and the market share of Chinas textile industry increased very fast. US textile industry also thought China took unfair action to compete, which meaning China offering privilege on tariff barrier, market access limitation, technology transfer regulations, confessional loan and other aspect to support the textile industry development. Early 2005, Chinas cheap products flow over into the US market and resulted in 19 factories bankrupting along with 26000 people losing Jobs. Then on April 4, 2005, the US Commerce Department announced to start the special protection procedure against Chinas third kind of textile (including cotton shirts, pants, underwear and other products) for the reason of threat of market disruption, which was the first time to restrict Chinas textile industry export by using special terms since MFC (Multi-Fiber Arrangement) was abolished. On May 18th, the United States Commission on Implementation of Textile Agreements made decision to take special restrictive measures to abandon Chinas textile export. This caused textile trade conflicts teen the US and China. Although Chinas textile export had bad effect on the ISIS textile industry development and employment, the ISIS action was partly haunted by trade protectionism. They provoked the trade conflicts for strategic reasons (Petri. Crook, 2007). The imbalanced industrial structure is deep-seated cause of frequent international trade friction. According to classical theory of international division of labor, the comparative advantage is the foundation of division of labor and cooperation between countries. In this case, all countries play their strengths and make up weakness through trade. The developed countries are at the top of the international division of labor, mainly engaged in production of high value-added products. While developing countries are at the bottom of the international division of labor, they are mainly engaged in the production of low value-added goods. However, due to inconsistencies in balance and economic benefit of economic development between countries, industrial division of labor is not entirely has perfectly competitiveness. On the contrary, driven by economic interests behind the trade, developed countries tend not to give up low-value-added traditional industries. When the developed countries are threatened in these traditional areas, they will take protective measures without hesitation, and then lead to trade friction. For example, America implements consistent protection for its steel industry for decades and caused relevant trade friction. On the other hand, the emerging industrial countries or developing countries want to catch up or stand on ones own need, implement import substitution strategy to enhance the government intervention in trade. In sass, the strategic trade policy is generally accepted by countries. Because the national policy intervention can change their interests in articulation in the international trade, it often leads to retaliatory measures from other countries. At last, the pursuit of profit redistribution causes international trade friction between countries. What are basic principles of American foreign policy Some scholars believed the interests of the State shall be the basis for America foreign policy some scholars considered domestic values as basis of diplomatic behavior. Other scholars believed that, America diplomatic ideas are composed from three opposing ideas, namely the world liberalism, xenophobia and multiculturalism. This pluralism is based on interest group politics. In other word, American foreign policy is results of conflict and negotiation between different types of interest groups, which include economic, political, ideological, cultural, religious and ethnic groups. However, one theory is often cited social and economic base theory of American foreign policy, which is commercial leading theory. Based on this theory, the wealthy capitalists dominated America society, while political competition is essentially the competition between commercial groups. The powerful economic groups manipulate public opinions and democratic and pluralist politics. Foreign policy bureaucracy mainly enrolls elite from legal, financial and commercial background. These people in the office are closely contacting with commercial circles. American interest group scholar David B. Truman pointed out that interest group is group of people holding the same attitude, who have request from other groups. When it passes the requirements to the government institutions, it becomes a political interest group. Interest group politics is an important feature of American politics. To a certain sense, American politics is the interest politics, in which different interest groups eek and protect their own interests by competing for the government policy. Ill. Causes of Sino-US trade Conflicts America steel workers website published an article August 4, 2008 entitled the poison facts unfair trade killer, which reported a 4-year-old American child died of lead poisoning from swallowing China imported shoes pendant. The article listed a large number of China products problems, environmental pollution, enterprises exploiting workers and illegal use of child labor problems. The article cited that lots of children toys are with poison, and Chinese pet food and seafood are contaminated with toxic drugs and poison. It accused China industrial pollution has made cancer as the Chinese number one killer, China pollution spread toward the international diffusion. ASS and NO with acid rain have fallen into Seoul, Tokyo and Los Angels. 3. 1 Economic Factors 3. 1. 1 Trade deficit There is trade imbalance in Sino-USA trade. With the deepening of globalization, China and America are the worlds largest trading nations, and the amount of bilateral trade continues to grow. Chinas surplus on US has continued to increase. USA economist Stilling raised the economic model to testify that, if the deficit is 1. 5 than GNP, there will be intense friction two countries. Than GNP, it will cause retaliatory measures. If 25 to 30 than GNP, then it is not only an economic problem, but also a political problem. In 2005, the Sino-US trade amounted to 211. 6 billion, Chinas surplus on America was 114. 2 billion, accounting for 53. 7 of the total amount of the Sino-US trade. The size of Sino-US trade imbalance has evolved into a political problem. It can be expected in future, trade friction between China and the United States will exist for a long time, and will continuously upgrade. 3. 1. 2 GAP growth The economic downturn causes the revival of new trade protectionism. In recent ears, American economic downturn and Chinese peaceful rise forms a strong contrast. According to preliminary statistics of USA Ministry of Commerce, American economy grew only 1. 3 at the first quarter of 2007, lower than 1. That analysts had expected, which was the lowest over the past four years, while the decline in housing investment is still the main reason of the economic slowdown. Historical experience shows that, trade protectionism has a certain relationship with economic development. So as long as American domestic industry suffer declining competitiveness and recession, trade protectionism will rise again, and Sino-US trade ruction is inevitable. Since sass, global economic growth is get slow, America also entered a recession. The industrial structure transited from traditional industrial economy to high-tech economy. The traditional industry in the economic lost the cost advantage, and high-tech economy cannot quickly open up the market. This will increase the trade deficit. As everyone knows, America trade policy has dual character, namely implementation of free principle in the export trade and protectionism in the import trade, in accordance with the requirements of the so- called fair trade. Economic inflation and unemployment situation will inevitably lead to the enhancement of American trade protection. And due to WTFO-entering effect. There is a rapid increase in exports in China. For Chinas cheap labor resources, Chinas price of labor-intensive products is lower than the price in the international market, which has a strong price advantage, causing a great impact on American labor-intensive industry. Employment in USA sunset industry is greatly reduced. USA politicians dont want this kind of contradiction intensified, and evolved into peoples dissatisfaction with the government.