United Nations Personal Statement Essay Sample free essay sample

The UN is one of the most competitory topographic points in the non-profit organisations. I want to be competitory and indispensable to the organisation as I am presently working with UN at its central offices in New York. The UN has a new policy called mobility system. an built-in portion of the staff choice system. This policy aims to develop a more multi-skilled and various staff. to advance a more incorporate attack to the many aspects of the organization’s work and to supply staff with more and varied calling chances. As such the organization’s purpose is to guarantee that its employees do non remain in the same place for more than five old ages. It is for the above ground that I need to foster my surveies. I have to stay relevant at my workplace. When I was analyzing at Ewha Women’s University in Korea. my professional dream was to work in a confer withing company covering with the current challenges of globalisation. We will write a custom essay sample on United Nations Personal Statement Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My ends have since changed and now my ultimate end is to work for the private sector. I have a Bachelor of Science grade from University of Massachusetts Boston specialising in Management Information System. I besides have a Bachelor’s grade from Ewha Women’s University in Korea where I specialized in International Business. In our current society. globalisation is the driving force that shapes every person’s day-to-day life. I feel this is peculiarly strong driven given that I came to the United States to analyze abroad when I was a high pupil. At the United Nations. I am a Team Assistant for the office of Human Resources Management. Policy support services. conditions of service subdivision and Department of Management. The status of Services subdivision is responsible for carry oning and organizing salary studies at most non-headquarters responsibility Stationss and for urging appropriate graduated tables. allowances and benefits. It besides deals with assorted types of Human Resource Policy support services to UN staff. I am responsible for supplying analytical and proficient support. As such I guarantee the organizations’ operational efficiency is improved. I am besides responsible for O.K.ing. monitoring. calculating and publishing the petitions for blessing of Daily subsistence Allowance ( DSA ) rates. I assist with issue and granting of the Occasional Recuperation Break ( ORB ) policy bi-annually and Publish Information Circular. I maintain an update the web site for conditions of service subdivision. I conduct economic research and analysis on assorted states for the readying of the salary studies. Therefore. I have accomplishments and experience in research and informations analysis on an international graduated table. In this. I have participated in old mission subsistence Allowance reappraisals and studies. I have good communicating accomplishments and is first-class in public relation. I handle clients who have inquiries and enquiries to the subdivision affairs. I one time provided support for a salary study workshop. I am the individual responsible for uploading occupation profiles in United Nation’s occupation site called Galaxy. Prior to working at the UN central office. I was working with LABBLEE corporation. in Cambridge USA. I acted as a back uping analyst and besides assisted concern development executives on assorted undertaking bringings. At the same clip. I redesigned. published and maintained the company web site. I believe I have great trade to offer the plan. non merely because of my exposure to two different civilizations. I have learned a great trade as the consequence of my work over the past four old ages in footings of technology’s impact upon international concern. Thus I hope within and without of the schoolroom to offer my fellow pupils cognition of my experiences in the proficient facets of concern in the United States every bit good as addition greater cognition of International concern as a whole. I would wish to go on prosecuting my instruction and work at the same clip. I want to be marketable in the private sector every bit good as in my current occupation. Having mobility is really important in my calling and the current working tendencies and conditions. I am non merely interested in the masters’ surveies for personal grounds I believe it is important for future professionals to larn in a multicultural environment. I besides have the alone gift of holding a personal history that spans more than one state and civilization. I have a rich background in concern and this is why I believe analyzing International concern will be relevant for me. During my stretch at LABBLEE. I researched on merchandises for buying and negotiated educational monetary values from sellers. I besides determined the quality of leads for the company. More over I recommended any farther concern development resources or activities to change over the leads into concern chances. I besides developed the company’s selling collateral and was in-charge of maintaining marketing collateral up-to-date. I besides conduct extended market research and identified new concern chances in the endeavors mark markets. This sort of success is a justification for my involvement in the private sector. To heighten my planetary competency. I ensured I gained competency in computing machine applications. I am good in computing machine linguistic communication accomplishments. These include c. Visual Basic. MSSQL. Cold Fusion MX. HTML. CSS. Crystal Report and JavaScript. My cognition in computing machine systems such as Windows 95. 98. 2000. XP. NT is huge. I am besides good in office application bundles such as ; MS-Office. Undertaking. Front Page. Vision 2000. Erwin. Dream Weaver. Adobe Page Maker. Fireworks MX and Adobe Photoshop. Deriving a master’s grade in the field of International Business will non merely supplement my cross-cultural position with the current theoretical model of international engineering. concern direction and cultural consciousness. It will besides enable me to take a new way in my professional life and aid others who seek to likewise alter the way of their professional life. While at the University I believe we will larn from one another by speaking about our reciprocally different yet complementary cultural and professional experiences and expertness. The Master surveies will assist me go an internationally attractive employee. I believe I will convey a wealth of cognition and experience to the University. Most of all. it will assist me accomplish my ultimate calling end.

Free Essays on Voltaire

The Child of Nature Voltaire’s wit and intelligence made him one of France’s greatest writers and philosophers. His writings are full of Enlightenment values and principles. L’Ingenu, written in 1767, reflects his views about individual freedom and people making their own way in the world. Voltaire is open to a society that is open to individual talent and merit for deciding social standing, and not a society that determines it by birth. He has reflected these attitudes throughout the story of L’Ingenu. Voltaire wrote L’Ingenu during a time when rationality and reason were being introduced into society. Whitty conversation and intelligent thinking began to take place. With this type of conversation one could made a mark in society and develop themselves as an individual. The Enlightenment was a period when people began to â€Å"come of the dark.† Medieval times were fast ending and with the help of new philosophers the world was now taking on some modern and alternative views. Ignorance was something they were trying to get rid of and being educated was seen as an important task. Education was now something for everyone, not just the wealthy anymore. They were becoming aware of the world around them and few at a time began to think about it now as not being controlled by God but by natural forces. Perhaps one of the most controversial topics of the time was religion. As people became educated, their views about God began to change. Atheism and the belief that there wa s no God began and showed the radical new way of thinking. Voltaire attacks religion and views it as a negative thing throughout L’Ingenu. The old view of religion was that God was divine and ruled the world. Most thought that God made everything happen and for a reason. During the beginning of the 1700s a new view began partly because of education. People began to believe that god created the world and then left it alone for natural forces and laws to occur... Free Essays on Voltaire Free Essays on Voltaire Francois Marie Arouet or more widely known as Voltaire, was a French writer and Philosopher and considered one of the central figures of the Age of Enlightenment in the 1700’s; this was a period that emphasized the power of human reason, science, and respect for humanity. Voltaire believed that literature should serve as a vehicle of social change. His biting satires and philosophical writings demonstrated his aversion to Christianity, intolerance, and tyranny. Voltaire’s sharp sense of humor won him favor of the 18th century French society. This great French writer and philosopher was born in Paris, France on November 21, 1694. His father, a wealthy notary, discovered Voltaire’s brilliance at an early age. At the age of 10 Voltaire was sent to study at the College Louis-le-Grand, the Jesuits ran this college. While at the school, Voltaire developed a strong enthusiasm for literature, especially poetry. Over the objections of his father, who wanted him to be a lawyer, Voltaire decided to be a writer. Voltaire quickly chose literature as a career. He began moving in Aristocratic circles and soon became known in Paris salons as a brilliant but yet sarcastic wit. Voltaire’ first work, Edipe, was a tragedy based on the old Greek story of Oedipus. This story was such a success that everyone predicted a brilliant career for the young writer. After his first success, Voltaire wrote some witty poems accusing the French regent Phillippe II, duc d’Orleans of heinous crimes; this resulted to Voltaire’s imprisonment in the Bastille for an entire 11 months. During his 11-month detention is when Voltaire completed his work on an epic poem on Henry the IV, the Henriade. This is when he began calling himself Voltaire; these classic writings brought him instant wealth. He was often noted for his generosity but also displayed astute business sharpness throughout his life and became a millionaire. Later Voltaire had anothe... Free Essays on Voltaire The Child of Nature Voltaire’s wit and intelligence made him one of France’s greatest writers and philosophers. His writings are full of Enlightenment values and principles. L’Ingenu, written in 1767, reflects his views about individual freedom and people making their own way in the world. Voltaire is open to a society that is open to individual talent and merit for deciding social standing, and not a society that determines it by birth. He has reflected these attitudes throughout the story of L’Ingenu. Voltaire wrote L’Ingenu during a time when rationality and reason were being introduced into society. Whitty conversation and intelligent thinking began to take place. With this type of conversation one could made a mark in society and develop themselves as an individual. The Enlightenment was a period when people began to â€Å"come of the dark.† Medieval times were fast ending and with the help of new philosophers the world was now taking on some modern and alternative views. Ignorance was something they were trying to get rid of and being educated was seen as an important task. Education was now something for everyone, not just the wealthy anymore. They were becoming aware of the world around them and few at a time began to think about it now as not being controlled by God but by natural forces. Perhaps one of the most controversial topics of the time was religion. As people became educated, their views about God began to change. Atheism and the belief that there wa s no God began and showed the radical new way of thinking. Voltaire attacks religion and views it as a negative thing throughout L’Ingenu. The old view of religion was that God was divine and ruled the world. Most thought that God made everything happen and for a reason. During the beginning of the 1700s a new view began partly because of education. People began to believe that god created the world and then left it alone for natural forces and laws to occur...

The life of Pope Alexander VI (1492-1503) Research Paper

The life of Pope Alexander VI (1492-1503) - Research Paper Example Nicole in Carcere Where he served until 1471 and became cardinal bishop of portal and dean of Sacred College called Eubel Hierachia College. In 1457, he was the vice chancellor of the roman church. He had passion in card playing, he was self disciplined in eating and drinking and worked professionally in his administrative duties. He acted in evil ways whereby towards 1470, he broke the celibacy rule of roman priesthood when he began a relationship which led to bearing children with a roman lady Vanozza Catanei and fathered four children; Juan, Caesar, Lucrezia, and Jofre (Conte 317) He secured a two-thirds majority vote and was declared as pope in the morning of 14th august 1492, and acquired the name Pope Alexander VI. The election however was questionable but there was no evidence that Borgia had paid anyone for his election. The Romance expressed their acceptance and joy in bonfires, torch light processions, flowers and erecting triumphal arches with extravagant inscriptions. His coronation was then on 26th august. The roman city was said to encounter lawlessness at the time when Pope Alexander VI was appointed. This is well evidenced by the many assassinations that had already taken place. Thus after his appointment and coronation he went ahead to justify his good opinion to the people by putting an end to the lawlessness. He ordered for investigation whereby every culprit behind the assassination was to be hanged and his entire family brought down. He made four districts from the then city and put magistrates in charge of justice and order, further he appointed two days weekly when people would personally present their grievances to him (Gwynne 30). The method was within no time seen as efficient for justice restoration. He then turned to defense where he turned Mausoleum of Adrian into a fortress that would sustain a siege, fortified Torre di Nano thus secured the city from naval attacks. He transformed Leonine city to be the

Leaning an operational delivery process Research Paper

Leaning an operational delivery process - Research Paper Example Inventory management practices are essential aspects of any organisation. Many organisations have changed from the traditional settings to production and inventory management. The role of inventory management is to ensure faster inventory turnover. Artisanal Burger Company (ABC) Restaurant is a joint that is famous for its burgers, homemade bread and delicious omelets. The restaurant is located at 1436 Pleasant Valley Road, Manchester, CT 06042 (www.yelp.com). According to the reviews by customers, the services have not been ideal for maximising profits and reduction of waste. The management needs to rethink and introduce new techniques of managing assets and inventories. An investigation of processes in this restaurant indicates that there is need to introduce Lean thinking in ABC Restaurant. Improvements can bring significant savings for the restaurant owners, which would, in turn, be passed on to the customers, both quantitatively and qualitatively. One customer says, â€Å"the burgers are hit and miss†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..ABC lacks consistency (www.yelp.com). One of the problems identified was that it takes too much time to deliver food to the table. Secondly, there is no accuracy of orders. Finally, the time it takes a customer to pay the bill is too long. Problems were identified in the dining area, kitchen area, and billing area. The issues that were identified are summarised in Table 1. ABC’s delivery process does not match with its performance objectives. Markovic, Raspor and Segaric (2010, p. 181) state that a restaurant business is a demanding business, and it, therefore, stresses on the provision of high-level customer service and continuous quality improvement. There is constant change of peoples’ lifestyles. Thus, customers desire new flavours, comfortable ambience and pleasant memories. Restaurants that provide high-quality service gain stronger competitive advantage in the current dynamic marketplace. The issues outlined in Table 1 indicate the

Operation Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Operation Management - Essay Example The QMS shall also provide the parameters for quality service while performance monitoring of each of the processes shall be through the process’ key performance indicators. Any flaw or parameter that fails to satisfy the accepted threshold of the performance indicator shall be subject to a root cause analysis to determine a corrective or preventive solution. The QMS requires regular review to ensure that the organization remains focus and faithful to its objective. The hotel employee’s performance shall be subject to evaluation by using the key performance indicator’s root cause analysis. For QMS, the hotel guest’s or patron’s feedback, comment or opinion is accorded greater weight as it will not only change how the hotel will conduct its business but it will equally show how the hotel value their guest’s and patron’s point of view with regard to the hotel’s operation. ... The marriage of technology and human ingenuity are very much apparent in the hotel industry by deploying an Enterprise Resource Planning system. As applied to the hotel industry, it would ensure excellent customer experience from their reservation up to their next visit. The deployment of a Customer Relationship Management System would ensure that all issues are addressed and monitored and shall similarly ensure that the business is properly guided on how to become customer centric. However, technology will not work on its own as its success will be dependent on the employees who use the system and those who will execute the work instructions recommended by the system. A framework that will capitalize on the strength of the employee enabled by technology shall be the onus of this paper. The sole purpose of which is to ensure the customer focused operation of the hotel while practicing processes that feed on continual improvements to manage the bottom line. Using these strategies, Lea dership in the industry and profitability should not be far behind. METHODOLOGY The valuable discussions in Operation Management have been the inspiration by this writer to seek out more knowledge in pursuit of excellence. Thus, it led to the discovery that the concepts presented herein have been in existence for some time, and various authors not only wrote extensively on the subjects but they have exhaustively been part of its continual improvement so to speak. Capitalizing from the experiences of these management gurus and the erudite deliberation in Operations Management this author therefore recommend a more comprehensive examination of the Hotel’s Customer Service. Using the ISO 9001:2008 Quality Management System framework, this author

Competence-Assessment Questionnaire

Competence-Assessment Questionnaire Introduction This individual assignment focuses on Chen Qianqians self-awareness on competence development efforts this semester. This assessment will discuss key results of the conducted competence-assessment questionnaire; critically review the major differences between Chen Qianqians self-assessment and the assessment received from a friend (Natasha) and family member (Yifan); and state two competence areas she wants to develop most this semester. Key results of the competence-assessment questionnaire Strong competence areas Communication: I consider myself as an effective communicator, and I am congruent with the message that I deliver. Communication is like a soft skill, which empowers me to express myself, gather information, form relationships and interact with others. Communication is crucial in my personal career to perform basic functions of operations and management, and will improve employee relations in workplace. (Carlopio and Andrewartha, 2012). Collaboration: Personally, I value the importance of collaboration a lot. Many hands make light work, it is undeniable that the power of effective collaboration will help a company to achieve development and success. In my personal career, personal capacity is absolutely vital, however as a team member, the ability to discuss, tolerate, negotiate, compromise, support members, share resources, respect and trust each other, communicate effectively, act swiftly to coordinate and cooperate are long-term skills that need to be practiced. Managingchange: In my study life, I seek to develop my strain capacity and adaptive ability to manage changes. I am open to changes because I understand changes may redirect you to a better result or life track. Its important for me to learn how to manage changes in my personal career, because changes will train people to turn an unexpected challenging situation into a favorable condition. Weak competence areas Emotional intelligence In this survey, I responded the disagree on the statement never lose temper when I feel frustrated or angry. We all get angry or frustrated, and sometimes its not easy to control yourself and prone to rage burst. However, negative consequences of losing temper may lead to a damage your social relationship and even may ruin your career. Therefore, it is essential for me to practice and keep cool when I feel my temper burning. Persuasion: I do not consider myself as a persuasive person, because usually there will be a lack of evidence, and especially with logical when I support my arguments. Persuasive speaking more likely to enhance the communication in workplace, that helps to establish supervisory rapport. Ability to engage others, and influence their opinions, can pay a big role in whether youre entrusted with similar assignments or left on the sidelines. (Khare, 2010) Networking: There is a resistance on building up my new relationships. Sometimes I feel awkward meeting with strangers or talking to strangers, which really pushes me out of my confront zone. However, a developed social network is essential for my personal career to help businesspeople connect with other managers and entrepreneurs to further each others business interests by forming mutually beneficial business relationships. Through social capital leaders can offer tap into the financial and intellectual capital of their network contacts. Critically review differences between assessments Yifan is my order sister, so in certain way, she know me very well. However in her assessment, she consider me as Excellent at networking; never loose temper; persuasive and motivated. Despite my sister lives with me, she never studied or worked with me. Most of Yifans assessments were based on the cognition of childhood experiences with me. Language gap is a possible reason why Yifan assessed me differently. Linguistically drives misunderstanding is a typical communication phenomenon when we put our thoughts and ideas out into written messages in a foreign language. Because English is not her first language, she might misunderstand the meaning, or found trouble comprehend these statements. Moreover, the time-constrained evaluating process caused her a degree of pressure, which might also influence the assessment result from what the questionnaire intended to convey. It is surprising to see that Natssha responded slightly disagree on the statement Thinks about the best way to communicate a message. Since I consider myself an effective communicator, this difference may occur due to cultural differences. Even though Natashia comes from Asian country, she has started learning English since little in local international school, and she is influenced by the western culture deep-rooted. China has a high-context culture, and an implicit communication occurs more often in such culture. In what the anthropologist Edward Hall (2003) referred to, people carry messages in an implicit way in high-context culture. So personally I prefer to use phone message, but Natassha prefer face-to-face. Cultural differences and individual habits influenced the way she sees and analyzes me. Two prior competences area in Semester 1 Motivation Motivation is a core component of constructive theories of learning and self-improvement. It is a zest that stimulate individual, provide direction to personal behavior, and underlines the tendency to persist. (Bartol and Martin, 1998) According to the research conducted by Schunk (1989) and Zimmerman (1989), the researchers demonstrated that students accomplished progressively and were more spurred when they set particular goals for themselves. Therefore, it is prior for me to boost motivation in a brand new semester by setting clear and achievable study goals. Once I determine my goals, I can use them as motivational tools to achieve learning objectives, develop and direct myself toward better performance in study. (Locke Latham, 1990) -Professional Networking In order to integrate into local life and study, networking is consider to be another priority. Networking is a virtuous circle, good working relationship improves the perception of project success. (Kintish, 2014.) There is nothing a student need more than good relationships with others in their brand new semester. Networking allows me to become connected with a professional in my field or with students who are also going into similar fields. Advice given from my perspective networking connections can help you become familiar with what to do and what not to do when it comes to my subject.

For the Environment or For Creating New Businesses :: Environmental Environmentalist Essays

For the Environment or For Creating New Businesses What do you think of when someone talks about being for the environment or for creating new businesses? I know if I were asked that question the first thing that would come to my mind is the radical environmentalist. I tend to stereotype them into groups of tree huggers, protesters, members of Green Peace or the Sierra Club, and those that will only eat organic foods. On the other end of the spectrum is â€Å"Big Business† or those for the economy. When I think of these types of people I think of those that have no regard for the environment, they dump pollutants, and kill fish and birds. Their sole purpose in life is to make money regardless of the cost to the environment. In reality the two ends of the spectrum are melded together, one cannot survive without the other. Richard White in his writing, â€Å"Are You an Environmentalist or Do You Work for a Living? Work and Nature,† he refers to how individuals have created a large separation between nature and work. White states that â€Å"most humans must work, and our work-all our work-inevitably embeds us in nature, including what we consider wild and pristine† (185). On an episode of the Simpson’s Lisa falls in love with an environmentalist and helps him in his crusade to save the environment. The episode portrays the environmental group with all of the typically euphemisms associated with being for the environment. The leader of the group wears dreadlocks, Birkenstocks, and stages a protest of Krusty Burger and is arrested. In order to impress the leader Lisa takes on the fight to save the oldest living Sequoia from the Texas business tycoon. The Texan was portrayed as the big Texan with lots of money and no regard for the environment just build to make more money. Lisa becomes a â€Å"tree hugger† and lives in the tree as a protest to prevent cutting the tree down. In the end Lisa leaves the tree and it is struck by lightening and falls. The fallen tree rolls down the hill out of control. It destroys the Hemp store and wipes out a factory. The morale gathered from the story is that without a compromise between the environmentalist and the businessman there is devastation for both sides. Part of the problem is the media exploits the two ends of the spectrum; it is either one way or another.

George Alagiah’s Passage To Africa Essay

In a passage to Africa George Alagiah conveys his feelings about journalism during the course of his stay in Somalia through the use of various different language and literary devices. In a passage to Africa George Alagiah uses powerful and emotive language to show is views about journalism. An example of this is shown in the quotation: ‘that went beyond pity and revulsion’ , ‘revulsion’ has strong connotations of horror and disease so it marked the reader sympathise with the nature of the terrible scene that Alagiah is encountering in the village which he is observing. Another quotation that shows this is: ‘normally inured to stories of suffering, accustomed to the evidence of deprivation’, this quotation shows the way that Alagiah is hardened by the experiences that he has faced through the word ‘inured’ meaning immune to in conjunction with the words ‘suffering’ and ‘deprivation’, both of which have extensive connotations of evil and terrible hardship on those that it refers to, overall showing that Alagiah was steadfast to the other horrors that were unfolding around him and that the event he had just witnessed ahs managed to break his immunity of disconnection between him and the subject of his journalism. These quotations all show that Alagiah used emotive and powerfully connotated words to show the disconnection and connections with the journalist and subject. In the text Alagiah also uses a variety of sentence structures to show his views an observational journalist. An example of this is: ‘I saw that face for only a few seconds, a fleeting meeting of eyes’, the use of the above sentence structure shows that this very brief moment had deeply impacted Alagiah’s views on the way that he considered his role as a passive observer. Another example of this is the quote: ‘normally inured to stories of suffering, accustomed to the evidence of deprivation’, the way that the sentence is structured shows that Alagiah is meaning to portray a list to show how he feels about the way that a journalist can be susceptible to becoming accustomed to the terrible scenes that are unfolding before there eyes. In ‘a passage to Africa’ Alagiah uses a range of literary devices to show how he feels about journalism. An example of his use of literary devices on the following quotation: ‘If he was embarrassed to be weakened by conflict and ground down by hunger, how should I feel standing there so strong and confident?’, this reflective anecdote shows that as Alagiah is  there he is still reflecting on the way that he is so content and nourished while the people he is standing amongst are suffering terribly. Another example of literary devices in the quotation: ‘what was it about that smile?’, this rhetorical question shows how Alagiah is inquisitive into the thinking of the people he observes. These literary devices show his beliefs about journalism through the way he writes his reports. In conclusion is a passage to Africa George Alagiah uses a variety of language, sentence structures and literary devices to show his beliefs about journalism and the re lationship between him and the people he writes about.

TRIP Policies and Regulations

TRIP Policies and Regulations The development of businesses and corporations worldwide has created a market that is property and rights oriented. There is a lot of scheming and fraud that governments and private companies have to develop protection for, in a form of copyrights and patents.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on TRIP Policies and Regulations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Not only are there ownership rights for products and physical property but also, for ideas and potential goals, plans and strategies. An idea is worth much more than the finished product because it is the basis for all production. One of the regulations that protects inventions and inventors, consumers and businesses is the TRIPS Agreement- which is Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. It takes control over trading and selling privileges in the market, regulating and enforcing guidelines for fairness and honesty. The purpose of this paper is to take a detailed look at the regulations and the process that govern transfer, sale and the general movement of products. An important aspect related to rights for these products and issues that could come up will be closely examined, which will clarify the problems that presently exist in the market and trading industry. The power of laws will be examined, through the example of TRIP, as it is a global agreement, which covers the whole market and is equally applicable to all people and organizations. Since profits and potential future success are one of the key points in trade and businesses, the reasons for agreement such as TRIP will be analyzed. The difference between countries globally, is very noticeable.Advertising Looking for essay on business corporate law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The developed countries have an established order and control of goods and intellectual property, while developing countries m ight have some setbacks or limitations that can be used by others to their advantage. The agreements are also made for a purpose to treat all members equally, to the point that if a certain favor or a special condition is offered to one participating side, everyone must receive the same treatment without exceptions. Previously, the world trade was not as regulated as it is today, which led to a number of unfair and unbalanced transactions. The transport and use of certain products might be regulated as well. For example, some products or technologies or even concepts, will not be allowed to be used in some parts of the world. This might be due to cultural differences or specificity of a product. Some businesses would not want to suscept the market to their ideas or product or they might want to keep it exclusive for their own country. The stability of the country, as well as relations between countries depends on governments, their communication and cooperation. The paper will also focus on the technology and information that might be taken out or taken into the country. The intricate relationship between the government, business and the economy directly affects the trade and the criteria which set up the framework and structure of the economy. When new countries join and become members, they are bonded by the same agreements and provisions. The governments take an active part in the enforcement and control of the established rules and regulations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on TRIP Policies and Regulations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The need for agreements and laws that regulate trading and property possession are a necessary attribute of the global economy and businesses. Governments, private corporations, as well as individuals, all participate in the establishment and continuation of fair and respectable trade.

Trade Conflicts between the U.S. and China Essay Example

Trade Conflicts between the U.S. and China Essay Example Trade Conflicts between the U.S. and China Essay Trade Conflicts between the U.S. and China Essay The rapid increase in the trade deficit is sharpening Sino-US trade friction. On the one hand, American accused that Chinese used unreasonable exchange rate policy and dumping strategy, which increase unemployment in US, in addition, this result in damage to American economy. So US government pushes strong pressure to Chinese government for appreciation of the RMI. On the other hand, American government takes some protectionist policies, such as raises tariffs, anti-dumping and other policies. As known, trade protectionism will only lead to world trade war which damage to the overall welfare of general public. Actually, trade protection is widespread in many nations. Several experts have explained from a political economic perspective. The overriding presumption of world trade presents varying views on one hand, free trade can increase the international interests with maximum restriction. On the other hand, unilateral liberalizing of trade can enhance a nations benefit with maximum restriction. Therefore, rational understanding of the causes Sino-USA trade conflicts bears important practical significance to prevent trade protectionism. In recent years, America trade deficit with China continued to increase. In 2001, American trade deficit with China reached 83 billion , which soared to 103 billion in 2002, and climbed to 124 billion in 2003. A rapid increase in the trade deficit is sharpening Sino-US trade friction. On the one hand, American accused that Chinese used unreasonable exchange rate policy and dumping strategy, which increase unemployment in US, and result in damage to American economy. So US government pushes strong pressure to Chinese policies against Chinese color TV, furniture and textile, and other products. Trade friction was defined as confrontation between various countries, which defend for heir own interests by taking economic, political, military, import restrictions and expanding exports, with the core objective to adopt various means to fight for the world market (Petri Crook, 2007). For example, a country limit the number of importing goods coming the country, will get corresponding retaliatory measures, which formed the trade friction. Some developed countries with advanced environmental protection technology, make a very high environmental standards to protect the domestic goods, forming a green trade friction with other countries. The duty of international economics suggests that, there are two basic reasons for countries in international trade, namely comparative advantage and scale economy. Comparative advantage and scale economy economies constitutes the origin and development of international trade, also contains the undercurrent against international trade. Participating in international economic intercourse, being engaged in international trade, whether it is for comparative advantage or for reasons of scale economy, the trade income can not be equally balanced. And some countries even lose benefits from trade. A typical example of such trade is North- South trade, which causes increasing global wealth gap between the south countries and the north countries. Thus, the existence of non-balance pattern of international trade, results in todays world trade policy environment and trade disputes. With the development of globalization, the economic ties between countries are increasingly close. Economic internationalization and economic development has gradually deepened. Economic globalization makes the world resources get reasonable allocation (Petri. Crook, 2007). This requires a global unified trade rules. However, the political system is not uniform, so it is easy to cause trade friction. In the era of economic globalization, global production and unified world market, it needs a unified global standard competition rules. But in fact, a variety of domestic regulations have serious impacts on the economic development and trade between countries . At the same time, as a result of economic globalization, the competition among countries is gradually strengthening. But at the same time, the international environment is complex and changeable, and unstable and uncertain factors are increasing. The developed countries will take the economic and scientific dominance for a long time, which aggravate the imbalance in world economic development. The rise of trade protectionism has brought new challenges to many countries. In this context, increasing trade friction is the normal state. Because of this, some experts claimed that global economy has entered a so-called trade friction era. In the era of economic globalization today, because all the countries in the world are seeking to maximize their own interests, trade friction will be normal. Economic globalization is triggered another important reason of Sino-US trade friction. Because China is a developing country with imperfect economic and political system, which is different from USA, it is easily leads to trade friction. As long as the two sides follow the principle of equality and mutual benefit, the friction can be completely resolved. However, the Sino-US trade friction has intensified these days. If it can not be solved correctly, it will seriously affect the bilateral trade relationship development and the economic sustainable development. POP-Unified On March 16th, 2007, an American pet food manufacturer announced the recall of a large number of pet foods from the North American market. The U. S. Media said pet food poisoning was from China source. In June, Chinese toys encountered cold wind, USA companies announced three massive recalling of 21 million Chinese toy productions, which involving exceeded standard of paint and lead for coating. In order to balance the trade deficit, the restriction policy, in general, is not helpful to increase the total economy and welfare of USA. It is proved by economic theories that free trade can improve allocation of resources and social welfare. In fact, imported cheap products can curb rising prices. With deepening of trade liberalizing, various countries have cut riffs barriers. But as substantial reduction in tariff levels, at the same time, countries also sought non-tariff barriers to protect domestic industry. Anti-dumping is a kind of important non-tariff barrier. Due to its characteristics of damage and convenient operation, it is allowed by WTFO rules as trade remedy measure. So it is popularly adopted around the world. America as the number one economy in the world has a long history of antiquating to limit foreign imports and to protect their own particular industry. With increasing GATORS trade talks was held successfully, USA and other industrialized countries cut the tariff level down to 4. So America takes anti-dumping as powerful weapon. In recent years, there is growing number of anti- dumping cases. China is USA important trade partner since establishment of diplomatic relation in 1979, bilateral trade volume increased year by year. But at the same time, USA trade deficit with China increased, resulting in bilateral trade friction happened frequently. USA builds high no-tariff barriers on Chinese products, and frequently uses various means to limit imports of Chinese products. Therefore, anti- mumping has become one of the most important means. Bonn and McCullough (2005) pointed out that, ISIS anti-dumping measures has been obvious discriminatory to China. Since 1990, China has become the number one target of America anti- dumping investigation. China is often the only countries being investigated. II. Literature review In the field of international economy, trade friction has a long history, with the early trade disputes including Anglo-Hansen trade war, Franco-Italian trade war and Hawley Smooth trade war. Since sass, with the deepening of economic globalization, the trade protectionism, is sweeping across the world. The trade friction between the countries has shown new trends and characteristics, which are diversified, concealed, and efficient. The trade conflicts between developed countries and developing countries, especially Sino-US trade friction, have become the focus of concern. Various theorists have studied trade conflicts from political and economic approach (Baldwin, 1985 Leverage, 1983 Rowley et al, 1995). At present, many scholars put forward that the trade frictions generated in the political process. Political economy about trade originated in the inability to explain trade intervention logic in real international trade. The classical trade theory or new trade theory can not explain trade intervention policy, which has prompted economists to search trade policy from a new point of view. A formed policy will impact different interest groups, mainly influence their benefits. The traditional economic theory explained that government behaviors are driven by external actors. Political economic theory makes a breakthrough to consider the influence different interests groups. The political economic approach of trade policy can clearly explain forming process and operation mode of the political market. Stiller (1971) pointed out that, interest groups through lobbying and pressing politicians to seek their favorable policies. The politicians who seek political support minimization would likely to give favorable policies to specific interest groups. So, political market, in which a public policy is the commodity, is formed, with interest groups as the buyers, politicians as commodity sellers. Grossman and Hellman (1994) created a description of interaction model describing government and interest groups. The authors assumed that interest groups are consisted of exclusive elements, which provide the government with the lattice capital and in return they seek for tariffs or export subsidies. Different political donations are corresponding to different tariffs or subsidies, which formed the so-called donation price list. Grossman and Hellman believed that protection level is positively related to capability of interest groups, but is negatively correlated with the elasticity of import demand. The above documents indicated that interest groups eventually will have an important impact on trade policy, but the interest groups lobbying and donation activities are directed at the Congress, not for the TIT and TIC members. Baldwin (1985) set up a bridge between interest groups and the government officials. He pointed out that, the important congressional committee can exert very important influence on the process of TIC, because members of Congress can not only directly persuade and press members of TIC, but also can control TIC through budget constraint. When a member of some interest groups, for example, a manufacturer or labor organization, puts forward anti-dumping litigation, he will see help from closely related members. Congressmen put pressure on the TIT and TIC, so that the decision is beneficial to the interest group. Hansen the empirical test (1990) confirmed Baldwin hypothesis (1985), she pointed out that members of Congress can to control the administrative officials through a series of incentive measures, such as budget allocation, oversight hearings, legislative activities, public opinion propaganda and so on. Different from the above view, Appellant. Et. Al. (1976) pointed out that the government rarely seeks to maximize social welfare policy the government is seeking policies that made the political support minimization. These policies typically reflect interests of the most influential interest groups. In fact, economists and political scientists have paid great attention to influence of interest group on trade policy. The earliest literature can be traced back to Starchinesss Politics, Pressure and the Tariff. In this book, Scatterbrained studied the influence of interest group in American Smooth Hawley Act in 1929-1930, which opened up the study of interest groups role in the formation of trade policy. In the sass, C. P. Kindergrtner published Group Behavior and International Trade. He proposed, in some cases, international trade can be studies from national group action. He analyzed the status hanged of different interest groups in European countries. Obviously, Scatterbrained and Kindergrtners study on the interest group mainly referred from study methods of sociology and politics. After the theory of public choice in sass-sass, scholars have conducted in-depth analysis of influence of interest group on trade policy. In sass, especially after sass, many scholars have studied the formation process trade protection, and put forward different political economy model. Grossman and Hellman (1994) developed a formal framework to integrate the domestic politics into international trade relations. They assumed that the government is both concerned about the general interests of voters and special interests of political donations. They analyzed the game and strategic interaction between the domestic interest groups and government officials. They analyzed non- cooperation and cooperation tariff game model, and testified how domestic politics determined the government international goals. In addition, Gould and Woodbine (1998) investigated the dynamic process of trade protection, revenge and trade war. They found that the decision and implementation of foreign retaliation tariff and there trade policy are as same as domestic political process. Trade policy is not determined by exogenous target of government, but by internal competitive interest groups. They concluded that liberalizing, trade protection, and revenge are the interactive process between foreign political power and domestic political power. These analyses will undoubtedly increase understanding the political reasons for trade friction. Sino-US textile trade dispute problem is most typical case. Textile and apparel commodities are the largest exports in Sino-US bilateral trade, because textile has always been regarded as sensitive goods. Therefore problem of Sino-US textile trade between the two countries is very difficult to solve. Since textile trade problems in 1972, the two countries have signed several textile trade agreements. USA protectionists try strong efforts to prevent Chinese textiles into the USA through quota restrictions and other measures in bilateral agreements. After China entered WTFO, Sino-US textile trade entered into a relatively quiet period. But because of increasing textile exports to the United States, America Textile Manufacturers Association constantly accused Chinese manipulation of the RMI exchange rate, which weakening the American textile competition ability and pressed on the Bush government, eventually forced America Ministry of Commerce enabled China-U. S. WTFO Agreement. Once the Chinese textiles disrupted U. S. Market, the export growth rate of the related products would be restricted within 7. 5. In 2003, US government officially implement a one-year guarantee measure to from Chinese three categories of textile products knitted fabric, brassiere and gown, which caused strong protest from China Chamber of Commerce, who pointed out that it violates WTFO regulations. The United States contradict WTFO fundamental purpose and spirit, and cause a negative impact on Sino-US textile trade relations (Petri. Crook, 2007). Due to the transformation and upgrading of the ISIS economic structure, the textile industry and clothing industry declined. Contrarily, Chinas textile industry was quite competitive because of cheap labor force it seemed China will be the biggest benefited party during this trade. Since China Joined the WTFO, US textile industry always kept an eye on Chinas textile industry. They found Chinas production capacity of textile industry kept strengthening. At the same time, benefiting from the cancel of quota restrictions, the unit price of Chinas textile product decreased sharply and the market share of Chinas textile industry increased very fast. US textile industry also thought China took unfair action to compete, which meaning China offering privilege on tariff barrier, market access limitation, technology transfer regulations, confessional loan and other aspect to support the textile industry development. Early 2005, Chinas cheap products flow over into the US market and resulted in 19 factories bankrupting along with 26000 people losing Jobs. Then on April 4, 2005, the US Commerce Department announced to start the special protection procedure against Chinas third kind of textile (including cotton shirts, pants, underwear and other products) for the reason of threat of market disruption, which was the first time to restrict Chinas textile industry export by using special terms since MFC (Multi-Fiber Arrangement) was abolished. On May 18th, the United States Commission on Implementation of Textile Agreements made decision to take special restrictive measures to abandon Chinas textile export. This caused textile trade conflicts teen the US and China. Although Chinas textile export had bad effect on the ISIS textile industry development and employment, the ISIS action was partly haunted by trade protectionism. They provoked the trade conflicts for strategic reasons (Petri. Crook, 2007). The imbalanced industrial structure is deep-seated cause of frequent international trade friction. According to classical theory of international division of labor, the comparative advantage is the foundation of division of labor and cooperation between countries. In this case, all countries play their strengths and make up weakness through trade. The developed countries are at the top of the international division of labor, mainly engaged in production of high value-added products. While developing countries are at the bottom of the international division of labor, they are mainly engaged in the production of low value-added goods. However, due to inconsistencies in balance and economic benefit of economic development between countries, industrial division of labor is not entirely has perfectly competitiveness. On the contrary, driven by economic interests behind the trade, developed countries tend not to give up low-value-added traditional industries. When the developed countries are threatened in these traditional areas, they will take protective measures without hesitation, and then lead to trade friction. For example, America implements consistent protection for its steel industry for decades and caused relevant trade friction. On the other hand, the emerging industrial countries or developing countries want to catch up or stand on ones own need, implement import substitution strategy to enhance the government intervention in trade. In sass, the strategic trade policy is generally accepted by countries. Because the national policy intervention can change their interests in articulation in the international trade, it often leads to retaliatory measures from other countries. At last, the pursuit of profit redistribution causes international trade friction between countries. What are basic principles of American foreign policy Some scholars believed the interests of the State shall be the basis for America foreign policy some scholars considered domestic values as basis of diplomatic behavior. Other scholars believed that, America diplomatic ideas are composed from three opposing ideas, namely the world liberalism, xenophobia and multiculturalism. This pluralism is based on interest group politics. In other word, American foreign policy is results of conflict and negotiation between different types of interest groups, which include economic, political, ideological, cultural, religious and ethnic groups. However, one theory is often cited social and economic base theory of American foreign policy, which is commercial leading theory. Based on this theory, the wealthy capitalists dominated America society, while political competition is essentially the competition between commercial groups. The powerful economic groups manipulate public opinions and democratic and pluralist politics. Foreign policy bureaucracy mainly enrolls elite from legal, financial and commercial background. These people in the office are closely contacting with commercial circles. American interest group scholar David B. Truman pointed out that interest group is group of people holding the same attitude, who have request from other groups. When it passes the requirements to the government institutions, it becomes a political interest group. Interest group politics is an important feature of American politics. To a certain sense, American politics is the interest politics, in which different interest groups eek and protect their own interests by competing for the government policy. Ill. Causes of Sino-US trade Conflicts America steel workers website published an article August 4, 2008 entitled the poison facts unfair trade killer, which reported a 4-year-old American child died of lead poisoning from swallowing China imported shoes pendant. The article listed a large number of China products problems, environmental pollution, enterprises exploiting workers and illegal use of child labor problems. The article cited that lots of children toys are with poison, and Chinese pet food and seafood are contaminated with toxic drugs and poison. It accused China industrial pollution has made cancer as the Chinese number one killer, China pollution spread toward the international diffusion. ASS and NO with acid rain have fallen into Seoul, Tokyo and Los Angels. 3. 1 Economic Factors 3. 1. 1 Trade deficit There is trade imbalance in Sino-USA trade. With the deepening of globalization, China and America are the worlds largest trading nations, and the amount of bilateral trade continues to grow. Chinas surplus on US has continued to increase. USA economist Stilling raised the economic model to testify that, if the deficit is 1. 5 than GNP, there will be intense friction two countries. Than GNP, it will cause retaliatory measures. If 25 to 30 than GNP, then it is not only an economic problem, but also a political problem. In 2005, the Sino-US trade amounted to 211. 6 billion, Chinas surplus on America was 114. 2 billion, accounting for 53. 7 of the total amount of the Sino-US trade. The size of Sino-US trade imbalance has evolved into a political problem. It can be expected in future, trade friction between China and the United States will exist for a long time, and will continuously upgrade. 3. 1. 2 GAP growth The economic downturn causes the revival of new trade protectionism. In recent ears, American economic downturn and Chinese peaceful rise forms a strong contrast. According to preliminary statistics of USA Ministry of Commerce, American economy grew only 1. 3 at the first quarter of 2007, lower than 1. That analysts had expected, which was the lowest over the past four years, while the decline in housing investment is still the main reason of the economic slowdown. Historical experience shows that, trade protectionism has a certain relationship with economic development. So as long as American domestic industry suffer declining competitiveness and recession, trade protectionism will rise again, and Sino-US trade ruction is inevitable. Since sass, global economic growth is get slow, America also entered a recession. The industrial structure transited from traditional industrial economy to high-tech economy. The traditional industry in the economic lost the cost advantage, and high-tech economy cannot quickly open up the market. This will increase the trade deficit. As everyone knows, America trade policy has dual character, namely implementation of free principle in the export trade and protectionism in the import trade, in accordance with the requirements of the so- called fair trade. Economic inflation and unemployment situation will inevitably lead to the enhancement of American trade protection. And due to WTFO-entering effect. There is a rapid increase in exports in China. For Chinas cheap labor resources, Chinas price of labor-intensive products is lower than the price in the international market, which has a strong price advantage, causing a great impact on American labor-intensive industry. Employment in USA sunset industry is greatly reduced. USA politicians dont want this kind of contradiction intensified, and evolved into peoples dissatisfaction with the government.

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